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• Five Generations of Computers

  • First Generation (1940s-1950s)
  • Second Generation (1950s-1960s)
  • Third Generation (1960s-1970s)
  • Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s)
  • Fifth Generation (1980s-Present)
• First Generation (1940s-1950s)


  • Relied on bulky and heat-generating vacuum tubes for processing
  • Limited processing power
  • Machine code programming
• First Generation Computers


  • ENIAC
  • UNIVAC I
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s)


  • Replaced vacuum tubes with smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient transistors
  • Increased processing power
  • Introduction of high-level programming languages (COBOL, FORTRAN)
  • Magnetic core memory
• Second Generation Computers


  • IBM 1401
  • IBM 7090/7094
  • UNIVAC 1107/1108
• Third Generation (1960s-1970s)


  • Introduced integrated circuits (ICs) containing transistors, resistors, and capacitors on a single silicon chip
  • Drastically reduced size
  • Increased processing power
  • Development of operating systems
  • Introduction of magnetic disk storage
• Third Generation Computers


  • More reliable
  • Faster
  • More efficient
  • Less expensive
  • Smaller in size
• Integrated Circuit (IC)


  A semiconductor device that houses thousands of miniaturized transistors
• Integrated circuits (ICs) were developed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in 1958
• Third Generation Computers


  • Used high-level programming languages such as BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL, FORTRAN-II, and PASCAL PL/1
  • Replaced punch cards with mouse and keyboard inputs
  • Had high storage capacity with magnetic storage
• Third-generation computers transitioned from being exclusive to big businesses and higher authorities to becoming personal computers used by various people
• The development of the Unix operating system was made possible by the use of smaller hardware in the third generation
• Third Generation Computers


  • Consumed less electricity
  • Required air conditioning for cooling
• Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s)


  Invention of the microprocessor, a single IC containing all the components of a central processing unit (CPU)
• Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s)


  • Rise of personal computers (PCs)
  • Graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
  • Increased affordability
  • Development of the internet
• Fourth Generation Computers


  • Apple II
  • IBM PC
• Fifth Generation (1980s-Present)


  Focuses on developing computers that can reason, learn, and solve problems like humans using artificial intelligence (AI)
• Fifth Generation Computers


  • Current AI-powered devices (e.g., self-driving cars, virtual assistants)
• Third-generation computers


  • Replaced punch cards for input
  • Introduced time-sharing, remote processing, and multiprogramming operating systems
  • Used high-level programming languages like Pascal, Fortran-II, Algol-68, Cobol, and Basic
  • Significantly increased storage capacity with magnetic storage
  • Integrated circuits (ICs) placed on silicon chips contained resistors, transistors, and capacitors
  • Evolved input and output processes for more efficient and user-friendly computing
• Third-generation computers


  • More reliable, faster, more efficient, less expensive, and smaller than predecessors
• Third-generation computers


  • Utilized high-level programming languages like BASIC, PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL, FORTRAN-II, and PASCAL PL/1
  • Replaced punch cards with mouse and keyboard inputs
  • Integrated circuit technology replaced individual transistors
  • Had high storage capacity
• Fourth-generation computers


  • Used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits
  • Also known as microprocessors
• Microprocessors


  • Made up of thousands of integrated circuits assembled on a single silicon chip
  • Allowed for smaller and more powerful computers
• Fourth-generation computers


  • First Personal Computer (PC) developed by IBM
  • Apple
  • CRAY-1
• The introduction of microprocessors made personal computers possible
• Fourth-generation computers saw a rise in the use of Personal Computers (PCs)
• Advancements in the fourth generation led to the development of more efficient and reliable computers
• Microprocessor


  Also known as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), the heart of a computer. A tiny electronic circuit etched onto a single chip (or a few chips) that acts as the brain of the system.
• What microprocessors do


  1. Fetch instructions

  2. Decode instructions

  3. Execute instructions

  4. Make decisions
• Microprocessors


  • Intel Core i series
  • AMD Ryzen series
  • ARM processors
• Impact of microprocessors

  • Increased processing power
  • Reduced size and cost
  • Improved functionality
• FOUR BASIC COMPUTER PERIODS


  • 01 PRE-MECHANICAL AGE
  • 02 MECHANICAL AGE
  • 03 ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE
  • 04 ELECTRONIC AGE
• Pre-mechanical age


  The earliest age of information technology, when humans first started communicating using language or simple picture drawings known as petroglyphs
• Developments in the Pre-mechanical age (3000 BC-1450 AD)


  • Writing and Alphabets
  • Paper and Pen
  • Books and Libraries
  • The First Numbering System
  • The First Calculators
• Petroglyph


  An image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading as a form of rock art
• Cuneiform


  One of the oldest forms of writing known, using a reed stylus to make wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets
• Phoenician Alphabet


  One of the earliest known alphabets, developed by the ancient Phoenicians around 1050 BCE, consisting of consonantal letters and serving as the basis for many other writing systems
• Developments in the Pre-mechanical age (3000 BC-1450 AD)

  • Papyrus Plant
  • Paper and Pen
  • Papyrus Paper
  • Chinese Paper
  • Sumerians' Stylus
  • Egyptian Scrolls
  • Egyptian System
• Abacus


  A device used to show how numbers, letters, and signs can be stored in a binary system on a computer, or using an ASCII number, consisting of a series of beads on parallel wires arranged in three separate rows
• Mechanical Age (1450-1840)


  The age that observed the first connections between the technology of today and its ancestors, including the invention of the slide rule (an early example of analog computers) and the development of the first general-purpose computers