healthy bodies 2

• Diabetes


  Type 1 or type 2 diabetes can put you at increased risk of developing other health problems. Complications are mainly caused by the long-term effects of elevated blood sugar levels on blood vessels and nerves.
• Diabetes


  • Effects body systems
• Smoking


  Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco smoke. Damaging compounds in Tobacco smoke: Tar, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen cyanide, Free radicals, Metals, Radioactive compounds.
• Effects of smoking


  • Premature deaths
  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
  • Lung problems
  • Immune system problems
  • Musculoskeletal system difficulties
• Other effects of tobacco smoke on the body

  • Gum disease
  • Irritation & inflammation of the stomach & intestines
  • Increased risk of painful ulcers along the digestive tract
  • Reduced ability to smell & taste
  • Premature wrinkling of the skin
  • Higher risk of blindness
• Types of Exercise


  • Passive
  • Active
  • Active Assists
• Factors that affect the Healthy Body
• Cholesterol


  Type of fat that is part of all animal cells, essential for many of the body's metabolic processes such as hormone and bile production. Produced mainly by the liver.
• Low density lipoprotein (LDL)


  Called the bad cholesterol
• High density lipoprotein (HDL)


  Called the good cholesterol
• Alcohol


  Classified as a depressant, slows down the CNS, decreases motor coordination, reaction time and intellectual performance. At high doses the respiratory system slows down drastically and can cause coma &/or death.
• High Blood Pressure (BP)


  To increase BP, the heart can pump more blood by pumping more forcefully or more rapidly. Fluid can be added or removed to the bloodstream to increase blood volume and thus increase BP. To decrease BP, the heart can pump less forcefully or rapidly.
• Effects of high BP or low BP

  • Reduce these Risks
• Minerals


  • Found in foods such as meat, cereals, fish, milk and dairy foods, fruits, nuts & vegetables.
  • Necessary for: Building strong bones & teeth
  • Controlling body fluids inside & outside cells
  • Turning the food we eat into energy
• Fibre


  Adds bulk to the stool & helps move waste through the intestine. Fibre helps aid digestion. Two types, soluble & insoluble.
• Water


  Helps the body eliminate waste products from the cells, lubricates joints and acts as a shock absorber. Helps the body maintain a constant temperature by acting as a thermostat.
• Factors that control fluid loss

  • Severe Dehydration
  • Water Overload
  • Hyperventilation
  • Vomiting and Diarrhoea
• Food provides the body with

  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Fats
  • Vitamins
• Carbohydrates


  In their natural state are low in calories and high in fibre. Main function is to provide body with energy. When not needed for energy, carbohydrates are stored in the liver & muscles.
• Glycemic Index (GI)


  Ranks carbohydrate foods according to their effect on blood glucose levels. High GI foods are absorbed quickly and cause a rapid rise in blood glucose levels. Low GI foods are broken down gradually over time and keep blood glucose levels more stable.
• Protein


  Helps muscle development, increases strength, and improves athletic performance. Makes up the outer layers of hair, nails and skin.
• Fats


  • Saturated Fat
  • Trans-fatty Acids
  • Mono-unsaturated Fat
  • Poly-unsaturated Fat
• Vitamins


  • Essential for a range of functions in the body, regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Categorised by water- soluble and fat- soluble.
• Body's Composition


  • Adipose (fat)
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Visceral organs and residual tissue
  • Skeleton (bone)
  • Fluid
• Body Mass Index (BMI)


  BMI = Weight in kg / Height in metres squared
• Healthy Diet


  • Food Groups
• Emotions clients can experience with cancer

  • Shock
  • Anxiety
  • Sadness
  • Relief
  • Uncertainty
  • Depression
• Cancer treatment has risks & side effects
• Chemotherapy is the most common cancer treatment
• Cancer can affect each one of us directly or indirectly
• How to reduce the risk of cancer

  • Avoid smoking
  • Practice sun safety
  • Maintain healthy weight
  • Eat fruits and vegetables
  • Watch the meats you eat
  • Limit your alcohol intake
  • Exercise for cancer prevention
  • Know your personal and family history of cancer
  • Know what chemicals you are being exposed to in your work environment
  • Practice safe sex
  • Keep up on screening tests like the pap tests, mammograms
• Nursing Interventions


  • Pain assessment - location, type, severity
  • Accredited staff may administer medication (nitroglycerin)
  • SAGO, inform RN/EN, document, monitor patient
• Investigations


  • Electrocardiogram (ECG, blood tests, SAGO)
• Angina


  • A tight strangling sensation or pain
  • Severe chest pain due to ischemia
  • A lack of blood, thus a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle
  • Generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries
  • Pain occurs when the blood supply of oxygen to the heart can't meet the heart needs
• Other Diseases to consider

  • Valve Disease
  • Muscle Fibrosis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
  • Coronary Artery Disease
  • Congestive Heart Failure
  • Cardiomyopathy
• Pulse


  What is a Pulse?
• Blood Pressure


  What is a Blood Pressure?
• Conduction System


  • Methods of Circulation
  • Pulmonary – Systemic and Coronary
• Components of the CV System

  • Heart
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
  • Blood
• Cardiovascular System


  • The heart is a large muscular pump
  • Weights about 250-350g
  • The arteries and veins are the plumbing
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart
  • Veins carry blood to the heart
  • Blood carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • The capillaries allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the blood to the cells