Chapter 2 - Lesson 2

• RISK


  The probability that a hazard in the environment can actually negatively affect the individual
• RISK-TAKING


  A behavior of doing something regardless of potential loss
• Risk-taking is a normal part of adolescent development
• Risk-taking is defined as participation in potentially health-compromising activities with little understanding of, or in spite of an understanding of, the possible negative consequences
• Health risks identified by the DOH in its Adolescent and Youth Health Policy (2000)

  • Substance Use
  • Premarital sex
  • Early Childbearing
  • Abortion
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Violence
  • Malnutrition
  • Mental Health
• Adolescent living situations according to 2006 McCann Erickson Study

  • 53% live with both parents
  • 5% live without a mother
  • 20% live without a father
  • 23% live without both parents
• Non-sexual behaviors of adolescents in the country

  • 20.7% - Smoking
  • 38.9% - Drinking alcohol
  • More than 3 out of 100 have used drugs
  • More than 8 out of 100 have ever thought of suicide (2002). But in 2013, it decreased to 2.4%, below the national average
• Sex and Media have been identified as key influencers among adolescents engaging in high risk behaviors, as shown in studies in NCR and CALABARZON
• Sexual risks among adolescents

  • 1 out of 3 adolescents has sexual experience
  • First sex – 17 years old for male; 18 years old for female
  • 1 out of 50 had sex before the age of 15, while one in four had sex before age 18
  • 7 out of 10 of 1st premarital sex cases are unprotected against unintended pregnancy and sexually-transmitted infections (STI)
  • 1.2% have paid for sex
  • 1.3% received payment for sex
  • 6.7% have engaged in casual sex
  • 4.1% mostly males have FUBU
  • 6.3% have males having sex with males
  • 2.9% of married youth have engaged in extramarital sex
• Giving birth at younger ages has also been evident in the Filipino youth. Such that there is a marked increase in teenage fertility in the past decade
• Teenage fertility rates


  • 7.1% - 15-19 years old are already mothers
  • The proportion of women who begun childbearing increases with age: 2.0% aged 16y.o., 31.2% aged 19 y.o.
• As of 2013, 86.7% have heard of HIV and AIDS with poor understanding being the highest in the country
• Marijuana


  Also known as Cannabis, Grass, Joint, Splif, Hashish, Pot, Weed
• Marijuana


  • It is a plant grown and used worldwide
  • Usually people smoke the leaves but the leaves and the stem can be made into tea, or even cookies
• Effects of marijuana


  • You can stay under the influence for about two or three hours
  • Some people become relaxed and happy while others feel panic or fear
  • Users' eyes usually become red and their throats and mouths will become dry
  • Appetite may increase
• Effects of marijuana


  • Increase in heart rate and dilation of certain blood vessels in the eyes
  • Chronic bronchial irritation is one of the long-term effects of chronic marijuana use
  • Impairment of long-term memory
  • Gum disease
  • Increased risk of cancers of the mouth, jaw, tongue and lung
  • Impairment of the immune system
  • Long-term marijuana use may result in decreased testosterone levels
  • Decreased sperm counts
  • Increased sperm abnormalities in male users
  • Heavy marijuana use during pregnancy may cause impaired fetal growth and development
• Mairungi


  Also known as Khat, Qat, and Mirraa. It is the common name for a stimulant leaf that is chewed in much of East Africa.
• Effects of Mairungi


  • Sleeplessness
  • Anxiety
  • Aggressive behaviour
  • Hallucinations
  • Some men are unable to get an erection after they have been chewing
• Alcohol


  The most common drug and is used worldwide. Because it is legal, often kept in the home and comes in extremely cheap local brews.
• Effects of Alcohol


  • At first, alcohol causes relaxation and people feel less self-conscious. After more alcohol, and individual gets drunk; reaction time slows down and thinking straight becomes difficult.
• Cigarettes


  Also known as tobacco, and cigars.
• Reasons young people start smoking

  • Influence of friends
  • Seductive advertisements
  • Older role models like siblings' or celebrities
• Effects of Cigarettes


  • According to WHO (2006), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world
  • Nicotine, which is found in tobacco products including cigarettes, is highly addictive
  • The tar in cigarettes increases a smoker's risk of lung cancer, emphysema, and bronchial disorders
  • The carbon monoxide in smoke increases the chance of cardiovascular diseases
  • Inhaling smoke passively causes lung cancer in adults and greatly increases the risk of respiratory illness in children
• Cocaine


  Also known as Crack, Coke, C, Charlie, Nose candy, Toot, Bazooka, Big C, Cake, Lady, Stardust, Coco, Flake, Mister coffee.

  
  

  It is prepared from coca leaves which are greenish-yellow leaves of different size and appearance.
• Effects of Cocaine


  • A small amount of cocaine will raise body temperature, make the heart beat faster, increase the breathing rate, make you feel over confident, and make you more alert with extra energy
  • When crack is smoked, all of these feelings are intensified
  • Excessive doses may lead to convulsions, seizures, strokes, cerebral hemorrhage, or heart failure
  • Long term effects of cocaine/crack use will lead to strong psychological dependence and other health problems like destroying nose tissues, reportorial problems, and weight loss