Q.E 14

• Comparison – the obvious physical match between objects. Example are rip, tear, or breakage of a counterpart of for the object that was used to inflict the damage.
• Rarity – the exceptional circumstances connected with the place, time, or general conditions under physical evidence is discovered tend to heighten its quality.
• Exchange – when two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of small materials between the two.
• Locard’s exchange principle – is a concept which states that “Whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, an object, or a crime scene, he or she will leave evidence, and will also take away evidence”
• Edmund Locard – (early 20th century) a Frenchman who sets up a forensic laboratory in Lyons, France. He is considered as the Father of Forensic Science.
• Sherlock Holmes – a fictitious character but considered as the Father of Crime Detection.
• Dr. Hans Gross – written the first investigation book entitled “Search for the Truth” and known as the “Father of Criminalistics”
• Sample – is a small, homogenous (same throughout) sample whose composition is representative of the larger/ real object.
• Sampling – is the process of selecting representative material to analyze
• SMURFING – 50 grams of shabu is required by the trafficker, the pusher will effort to give this amount via courier to purchase and bring only 49 grams to avoid the maximum penalty.
• SLOPPING – purchasing contaminated or diluted chemical from legal source during transfer clearing process
• Blood – is highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances suspended in fluid medium
• 4-5 LITERS – FEMALE BLOOD
• 5-6 LITERS – MALE BLOOD
• Plasma (55%) - fluid portion composed principally of water and other constituents such as enzymes, glucose, etc.
• Cells (45%) – solid portion consist of red blood and white blood cells and platelets.
• RBC (erythrocytes) – carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain hemoglobin – an iron- containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transport it too tissues in the body.
• WBC (leukocytes) – fight disease.
• Platelets (thrombocytes) – cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.
• Blood Clotting – when a protein in the plasma called fibrin traps and enmeshes the red blood cells, the blood clots forming solids that separates the serum.