paper 2 geog

• urbanisation


  The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
• suburbanisation


  where the suburbs on the outer edge of the settlement grow outwards as new houses and services are built to accommodate more people
• counter- urbanisation


  the movement of people from urban areas into rural areas
• reurbanisation


  when people move back into inner city areas where populations had previously declined due to a range of social, economic and environmental issues.
• top down


  where governments / large organisations provide money and the government decides how to spend it.
• bottom up


  where experts work with local communities to identify their needs.
• mdg 2


  achieve universal primary education

  -mainly boys go to school (35% to 72% increase )
• mdg 6


  combat HIV and diseases

  -HIV decrease from 5% to 1%

  -halved malaria
• mdg 7 (bad)


  ensure environmental sustainability

  -deforestation and cobalt mining

  -no access to clean water

  -malnutrition
• mdg 8


  global partnership for development

  -china gave 6 billion to spend on infastructure

  -china has acess to mineral resources
• economic hub


  a central area associated with economic success and innovation, located in cities and business parks, near unis and have good transport links
• eg of economic hub (2)

  glasgow

  -renewable enrgy production, new technologies for busienss and medicine

  
  

  salford

  -media industry like BBC and ITV, manufacturing of chemicals
• malthus


  Pessimist

  population grow faster than food supply and would eventually overtake it and when population overtakes food supply it will lead to famine, war and disease until population returned to a level that can be supported by food available (too many people for food available )

  ISSUE: our population has increased to 8 billion but famine rate hasnt increased at same rate but decreased due to technological advancements and shipping food to other parts of world
• boserup


  Optimist

  when population and food supply becomes close humans would come up with innovation to solve the food shortages like GM crops

  "necessity is mother of invention"

  ISSUES: some innovation arent beneficial to the environment in long term and arent sustainable like deforestation to clear land for farming
• perma culture


  A way of growing food and plants sustainably, without impacting the environment negatively
• ethical consumerism


  purchase of products and services that produce minimal social, environmental damage allowing land to remain fertile and reduces greenhouse gases by transport
• intensive farming


  involves lots of inputs like machines and fertilisers and labour and produce high yields from small amounts of land.

  increases productivity but causes environmental affects like loss of biodiversity , pollution my chemicals, disruption of ecosystems , soil erosion and reduced soil fertility
• hydroponics + eg


  growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water without soil (sustainable intensification)

  like Thanet Earth (produce 10% of PCT in a big greenhouse)

  its reliable ,utilising unused spaces, environmentally friendly as waters recycled and created jobs BUT its expensive, built in rural areas so natural habitats lost, large energy used to power greenhouse and deliver to shops
• urban farming


  The growing of fruits, herbs, and vegetables and raising animals in towns and cities, a process that is accompanied by many other activities such as processing and distributing food, collecting and reusing food waste.
• food banks


  supports people with personal food insecurities

  -reduce hunger, improves diets, reduce waste BUT dont solve underlying problem, most food is processed due to storage causing health problems
• alottments


  a big garden where people come to grow fruit, vegetables and other plants, too. Allotments are not only great places to grow food, they support lots of different wildlife
• CATT


  consequently

  as a result

  this means that

  therefore
• trade links for drc

  -orange sa

  -china

  -starbucks

  -acfta

  -south africa
• rostow model of economic development for drc

  stage 2 - preconditioned for take off

  -poor infrastructure (10% access . to electricity)

  -investments from TNCs help healthcare and education improve

  ( cant get. to stage 3- take off)
• when was sierra leone civil war?

  1991-2001 (jan 18th)

  uk interviened in 2000 may 7th
• how many people in dharavi slums?

  1 million people crammed in 1 sq mile and large family's crowded in 1 room
• how many people in mumbai in poverty?

  20%
• how many floods does the 3 gorges dam provide protection for?

  1 in a 100 floods a year
• how much of china electricity comes from hydroelectric power?

  10%
• how many people resettle due to 3 gorges dam building

  1.2 million
• how many cultural heritage sites are destryoed by 3 gorge dam floods

  over 1700
• how many people died from king leopald ii ruling of forced labour of natural resources

  1/2 population died from punishment and malnutrition and ampuatation torture
• factors affecting rainfall varation

  air temperature, wind direction, atmospheric circulation system