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• Research


  A systematic process of gathering information, interpreting information and analyzing information to resolve a specific problem
• Research topic


  A subject, issue or specific area of interest that a researcher wants to investigate or explore
• Feasibility


  Whether the research can be completed based on the available time and resources
• Empirical


  Verifiable by experience, not based on speculation or value judgment
• Interesting


  Having an impact on the practitioners (or even your peers) who would be reading your research paper
• Novel


  Introduction of a new idea or unique perspective that adds to the existing knowledge in a particular field
• Specific


  Narrowing down the focus of the study to clearly define the research problem
• Research problem


  What the researchers want to find out in their research topic
• Research Design


  Overall strategy to answer the research problem. It determines the data to be collected, how it will be collected and how it will be interpreted and analyzed.
• Research Design

  • QUALITATIVE
  • QUANTITATIVE
• Research Problem


  What researchers want to find out in their research topic.
• Qualitative Research


  Aims to develop generalization
• Quantitative Research


  Aims to develop a causal relationship between and among the variables
• Causation


  The relationship between variables where one variable causes the other
• Sampling


  The process by which a statistical subset or portion of a statistical population is selected to be representative of the said population.
• Statistic


  A numerical characteristic of the sample
• Qualitative data is non-numerical (containing words, data in audio forms, images) while Quantitative data is numerical.
• Qualitative data is collected through questionnaires, interviews and observation while Quantitative data is collected through questionnaires (surveys and polls), interviews and experiments.
• Data Collection Instrument


  The instruments or tools used by researchers to gather information (data) that can help them answer the research problem.
• Types of Questionnaires


  • Open-ended
  • Close-ended
• Open-ended questions are used to collect qualitative data whereas close-ended questions (particularly scaling questions) are used for quantitative studies.
• Interviews


  A data collection instrument where, through conversation, a series of questions is given to the respondents by the researchers (interviewees) in order to elicit information.
• Interviews can also be used in quantitative research (although uncommon) since scaling questions can also be given during interviews. true (true or false)
• Difference between qualitative and quantitative research

  • Qualitative Research
  • Quantitative Research
• Quantitative Research


  • To test hypothesis, establish causal relationship, make predictions and generalizations from findings
  • Larger sample size
  • Probability sampling
  • Statistical information and numbers (number based)
  • Test, experiment, pre test-post test and any other method that requires precise measurements
  • Statistical analysis
  • High generalizability
• Difference between top-down and bottom-up approach

  • Top-down Approach
  • Bottom-up Approach
• Top-down Approach


  THEORY -> HYPOTHESIS -> OBSERVATION -> CONFIRMATION

  The aim of this kind of research is to confirm whether the theory has enough explanatory power to account for the phenomenon.

  Researches that use this top-down approach in dealing with a research problem are "confirmatory" researches.
• Bottom-up Approach


  Data Collection -> Notice of Pattern -> Formulation of Hypothesis -> THEORY

  That is why it is common to find qualitative researches not to have hypothesis stated at the beginning of the study

  Researches that use this bottom-up approach in dealing with a research problem are "exploratory" researches.
• Kinds of qualitative research

  • Ethnographical Studies
  • Grounded Theory
  • Phenomenology
  • Historical Approach
  • Case Study
  • Descriptive Qualitative Research
• Ethnographical Studies


  Involves a covert or overt participation of the researchers in the lives and experiences of their target participants for a long time to understand the social group and how they live
• Grounded Theory


  Attempts to develop a theory, model or framework through an inductive analysis of the qualitative data
• Phenomenology


  Involves understanding and developing an accurate description of human experience
• Historical Approach


  Provides a description of the phenomenon by weaving together a series of events to form a cohesive story from the narratives collected from individuals
• Case Study


  Attempts to provide an in-depth description of an individual, a program or an organization using a wide array of data collection methods
• Descriptive Qualitative Research


  Describes reactions or perceptions of a specific phenomenon
• Quantitative Variables


  Are those variables which can be measured numerically
• Quantitative Variables

  • Discrete Variables
  • Continuous Variables
  • Ratio Variables
• Discrete Variables


  Are those variables which can be counted and, are not described in ranges. Discrete variables can only be denoted by positive whole numbers
• Continuous Variables


  Are those variables which cannot be counted and are measured in ranges. Continuous variables can have positive or negative values.
• Ratio Variables


  Are a special type of continuous variables which cannot have a negative value.