5. preliminary design

• Sketch


  A free-hand drawing made quickly and not including a lot of detail
• Diagram


  Often used to sketch out the functional arrangement of rooms or routes within a building
• Plan


  A usually to-scale illustration in pencil or ink often made by using rulers, stencils or CAD
• Painting


  A drawing made with paint
• Drawing


  Often used to express the preparation of a technical drawing and still found in many collocations such as draughtsperson (AE draftsperson) or draughting machine (AE drafting machine)
• To draft


  A computer-aided presentation offers the viewer a realistic understanding of the building by for example taking a virtual walk through the various rooms
• Computer simulation


  A compilation of drawings showing all views
• The first drawings, of which there may be many, may not be very detailed, but will show what the planner has in mind
• They should illustrate and make it possible to appreciate the general massing, the external appearance of the building and its position on the plot
• The arrangement of the interior, at least a rough outline, should also be included in a first presentation of the planner's thoughts
• A rough sketch might be a sketch made with a thick pen with only a few lines, whereas a detailed drawing offers a clearer insight
• Sketch


  A drawing made with paint<|>A diagram<|>A plan<|>A free-hand drawing made quickly and not including a lot of detail<|>A drawing<|>A computer-aided presentation offers the viewer a realistic understanding of the building by for example taking a virtual walk through the various rooms<|>A usually to-scale illustration in pencil or ink often made by using rulers, stencils or CAD
• Draft


  Often used to sketch out the functional arrangement of rooms or routes within a building
• Cubage


  The size of a building, measured in cubic metres (cbm; m³)
• Gross floor area


  The size of the covered area, not the relation between width and depth
• Plot ratio


  The proportion of a site that may be covered
• Net floor area


  The usable space, excluding the external walls, which may be sold or let
• Descriptive term examples


  • α is an acute angle; β is an obtuse angle; γ is a right angle
  • AM is the radius of the circle; AB is the diameter; the total length of the circular line is called circumference
  • The outline of a rectangle is called perimeter
  • Surface A of the cylinder is flat; surface B is curved
  • A block of wood is solid; a tube is hollow
• Descriptive expressions


  It resembles...<|>It looks like...<|>It is ...-shaped<|>It is shaped like a...<|>It appears as...<|>It is comparable with...<|>It has similarities with...<|>It is similar to a...<|>It is arranged as a...
• The main building is a rectangular, two-storey structure with a mono-pitched roof. A smaller rectangular one-storey structure protrudes at a right angle approximately a third of the way along the longer and taller side of the larger element. From a bird's eye view it looks like a T with differing lengths. The smaller element is a single-storey structure with a flat roof. There are no organic shapes or circles; the right angle prevails
• Roof


  The top covering of a building, to protect it from weather effects like shedding water and preventing heat loss. Can also be used for solar panels
• Roof sealing


  For flat or low-pitched roofs, using bituminous materials
• Roofing


  For pitched roofs, using materials like roofing tiles, corrugated panels, zinc sheets, or thatching
• Roof shapes


  • Flat roof with one horizontal surface
  • Single- or mono-pitched roof with one inclined surface
  • Tent roof with 4 identical surfaces forming a point at the top
  • Gable roof or saddle roof with two usually identical surfaces
  • Mansard roof with 2 slopes per side, the lower almost vertical
  • Sawtooth roof with a profile like the teeth of a saw
  • Hip roof similar to a gable roof, except that the gables are also inclined
  • Barrel roof with a semi-cylindrical section
• Roof parts


  Pitch, roof covering, overhang with verge and eaves
• Doors provide access, windows provide light. Their significance in structuring the facade is indisputable
• Glass is a thermal insulator and enables light to penetrate and flow into the rooms beyond. Fully glazed walls enhance light transmission, while punctuated or pierced walls allow only a reduced amount to enter
• Doors and windows


  A form of penetration through the interior and exterior walls of buildings. Doors provide access, windows provide light.
• The significance of doors and windows in structuring the facade is indisputable
• Glass


  A thermal insulator that enables light to penetrate and flow into rooms beyond
• The importance of daylight for our well-being is often underestimated
• Sun tube lights


  Simple tubes set into the roof, which collect and reflect daylight into the building
• Doors


  Provide access to the building as well as passages within the interior space
• Exterior doors


  • Should provide weathertight seals when closed and similar insulation values to the walls they penetrate
  • Have to meet the requirements for fire resistance and escape routes
• Main entrance doors to residential buildings

  • Solid core doors either with a flush finish or any number of glass inserts or panels
• Entrances to public buildings

  • Often have glass entrance doors made of single-pane safety glass
• Windows


  The choice affects the appearance of a building, the entrance of natural light, ventilation, view and the quality of the interior space
• Good windows


  • Should be weathertight, provide good heat and sound insulation, be easy to open, close and clean and provide a maximum amount of light, which requires narrow frames
• Window placement


  • Flush with the exterior wall
  • Protrude beyond it
  • Set at varying depths into the rough opening
• Window types


  • Tilt-and-turn
  • Side-hung and top-hung
  • Sash