psychology memory

• What is the definition of short-term memory (STM)?

  STM is our initial memory store that is temporary and limited in capacity.
• What is the definition of long-term memory (LTM)?

  LTM is a memory that holds potentially limitless information.
• What are the key differences between short-term memory and long-term memory?

  • Duration: STM is temporary; LTM is potentially indefinite.
  • Capacity: STM is limited; LTM is limitless.
  • Encoding: Different methods of storing information.
• Who developed the Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM)?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin developed the MSM in 1968.
• What did Atkinson and Shiffrin conclude from their experiments regarding memory stores?

  They established three distinct stores in memory: sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• What was the debate at the time regarding memory?

  There was debate about whether memory was one entity or a series of separate ones.
• What are the five sensory registers identified in the MSM?

  Iconic, echoic, gustatory, olfactory, and tactile registers.
• How long does iconic memory last?

  Iconic memory lasts around 1 second before information decays.
• How long does echoic memory last?

  Echoic memory lasts for a few seconds before information decays.
• What happens to sensory information that is not attended to?

  Unattended information is lost via decay.
• What is the role of attention in transferring information to short-term memory?

  Information enters short-term memory only if we pay attention to it.
• What did Atkinson and Shiffrin (1971) say about short-term memory?

  They said that STM was modality free, meaning it can store any kind of sensory information.
• How long can information be held in short-term memory?

  Information can be held in STM for around 15 to 30 seconds.
• What did Peterson & Peterson (1959) argue about the duration of STM?

  They argued that the duration of STM is around 18 seconds.
• How can rehearsal affect information in short-term memory?

  Rehearsal allows us to maintain information in STM for longer.
• What did Miller (1956) find about the capacity of short-term memory?

  Miller found that STM capacity is 7 +/- 2 items.
• What is chunking in the context of short-term memory?

  Chunking is grouping information together to remember more effectively.
• What is the process of rehearsal in memory?

  • Repeating information out loud or in our heads.
  • Helps hold information in STM for longer.
  • If rehearsed long enough, it transfers to LTM.
• How long can information be held in long-term memory?

  Information can be held in LTM indefinitely.
• How are LTM memories mainly organized?

  LTM memories are mainly organized semantically.
• What are the strengths of the Multi-store Model of Memory?

  • Evidence supports separate memory stores.
  • Studies show differences in capacity, duration, and encoding.
  • Amnesia case studies demonstrate separate stores.
• How does evidence supporting the MSM increase its validity?

  It shows that various studies have found the same results.
• What did Ben Murdoch (1962) find about word recall?

  He found that we tend to recall words at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a word list.
• What is the primacy effect?

  The primacy effect is when words at the beginning of a list are recalled better due to rehearsal.
• What is the recency effect?

  The recency effect is when words at the end of a list are still held in short-term memory.
• What are the weaknesses of the Multi-store Model of Memory?

  • Overstates the role of rehearsal in transferring information.
  • Suggests we need to repeat everything for LTM storage.
  • Ignores the significance of meaningful information.
• What word describes remembering things because they are more meaningful?

  The word is semantic.
• Is it likely that we have only one type of long-term memory?

  No, it is unlikely that we have only one type of long-term memory.