are the basic building blocks of all living organisms
a tissue
is a group of cells with a similar structure and function
organs
are aggregations of tissues performing specific functions
aggregations
the formation of a number of things into a cluster
organ systems
organs are organised into these which work together to form organisms
organism
any individual living thing that can react to stimuli, reproduce, grow, and maintain homeostasis
unicellular organism
made from one cell
multicellular
made from many cells
muscular tissue
contractfor movement
cardiac muscle
muscle in the heart
glandular tissue
contains secretory cellsproduce or release substances such as enzymes or hormones
epithelial tissue
covers surfaces outside and inside the body
stomach
organ involved with the digestion of foodmuscular tissue - to churn the food and digestive juices togetherglandular tissue - to produce the digestive juicesepithelial tissue - cover the inside and outside of the organ
pancreas
organ that monitors blood sugar levels, releasing insulin and glucagonproduces enzymes for digestion
digestive system
organ system to digest food
circulatory system
to circulate blood around the body
respiratory system
for gas exchange
exchange surfaces
large surface areamoist rich blood supplyshort diffusion distancemechanisms to increase concentration gradients (blood moving away from area of exchange)
villi
found in the small intestine adapted to absorb digested food into the blood plasma
kidney
organ to filter blood
digestive system
is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food
digestive enzymes
convert food into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
bile
is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladderalkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomachemulsifies fat to form small droplets which increases the surface area for lipase to act
food
large insoluble molecules which can not be absorbed without being broken into smaller soluble moleculescarbohydrates, proteins and lipids
carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygenprovide energy for metabolic reactions
simple sugars
small carbohydrate units glucose, sucrose
glucose
single sugarcontain only one sugar unit
sucrose
two sugar units joined togetherthe everyday sugar
complex carbohydrates
made up from long chains of simple sugar units bonded togetherstarchcelluloseglycogen
carbohydrate rich food
bread, pasta, potatoes, rice
starch
storage carbohydrate in plants
cellulose
complex carbohydrate that makes up plant and algal cell wallsgives strength
glycogen
carbohydrate store in animalsin liver and muscles
lipids
are fats (solids) and oils (liquid)most efficient energy storeused to make cell membranes, hormonesused in nervous system
insoluble
undigested foodlipids in water
lipid molecule
three fatty acids and a glycerol moleculeglycerol is always the samethe fatty acids varycarbon, hydrogen and oxygen