Memory

• what are the extra features of the amended Cognitive interview?

  - not interrupting witness

  - witness controls info flow

  - get witness to go slow

  - witness encouraged to say "i don't know"

  - reduce anxiety in the witness

  - use of eye contact

  - suitable for children as it builds trust (w/o stage 4)
• what does the amended version of Cognitive interviews do?

  builds trust between interviewer and witness
• What is stage 4 of a cognitive interview?

  CHANGE PERSPECTIVE -

  what would someone else see
• What is stage 3 of a cognitive interview?

  CHANGE ORDER -

  stops them from recalling a schema
• What is stage 2 of a cognitive interview?

  REINSTATMENT OF CONTEXT -

  promotes context & state dependent recall
• What is stage 1 of a cognitive interview?

  REPORT EVERYTHING -

  small details can act as cues
• what did Ronald Fisher find?

  That cognitive interviews are more effective than standard interviews.
• (9) what was Ronald Fishers procedure?


  Use a cognitive interview to help witness remember 2 men involved in a murder
• What does Yerkes & Dodson graph show?

  How stress can impact memory recall +/-
• what did Yuille & Cutshall find?

  PPTT how said they felt more stress had the most accurate recall.

  Anxiety does positively effect memory
• what was Yuille & Cutshall procedure?

  5 months after a IRL gun shooting in a gun shop 13 witnesses where asked to give their account. They then compared the accounts to the police records. They were also asked how stressed they felt and if they had any stress problems.
• what is a limitation of the Johnson & Scott study?

  It may measure surprise not anxiety - operationalisation (can anxiety be measured?)
• whats a strength of the Johnson & Scott study?


  They used a pre recorded aurgument so it could be the same in both conditions.
• what did Johnson & Scott find?

  Low Anxiety - 49% could identify

  High Anxiety - 33% could identify

  Anxiety does negatively effect memory.
• what was Johnson & Scott procedure?

  2 conditions all got invited to take part in a "lab study". In the waiting room they heard a argument in the next room. A man then came out with a pen or a knife. The PPTT then have to try identify the man.
• what was Johnson & Scott aim?

  To see how anxiety effects our memory
• (8) what things does anxiety impact?

  - encoding

  - retriving
• what does Loftus & Palmer (2) show about the first experiment?

  that response bias is not an influence

  ... showing that the control word influences theit memory
• what did Loftus & Palmer (2) find?

  when asked if they seen any broken glass a week later, people in group 2 (SMASHED) were more liekly to say yes

  ...there was no broken glass
• what was Loftus & Palmer (2) aim and procedure?

  is response bias influential?

  GROUP 1 - asked "how fast were the cars going when they HIT each other?"

  GROUP 2 - asked "how fast were the cars going when they SMASHED into each other?"

  GROUP 3 - were not asked ab the speed (CONTROL)
• what is a limitation of Loftus & Palmer study?

  - response bias?

  - young ppl cant estimate speed well

  - order effect
• what did Loftus & Palmer find?

  the harsher verb they had the higher the speed they gave

  eg. hit = 34 m/h

  eg. smashed = 48.8 m/h
• what was Loftus & Palmer 1974 aim and procedure?

  do leading questions effect recall?

  PPTT given a verb

  PPTT had to watch 7 videos in random order

  asked the question: "how fast were the cars going when they... each other?"

  had to fill the ... with the verb
• what is an eye wittness testomony?


  evidenced provided in court by the eye witness to a crime
• (7) what is an eye witness?

  someone who has seen or witnessed a crime
• what is the limitation of Overton 1972 study?


  - lacks ecological validity
• what did Overton 1972 find?


  that recalling was best when in the same state when learning
• what was Overton 1972 aim and procedure?


  research how state-dependance effects recall

  PPTT has to recall in a different state than learning

  (drunk/sober)
• what is the limitation of Godden & Baddeley study?


  - lacks ecological validity
• what did Godden & Baddeley find?


  groups did best when in the same environment recalling as learning
• what was Godden & Baddeley 1975 aim and procedure?


  research how context-dependance effects recall

  PPTT had to:

  1. learn on land / recall on land

  2. learn on land / recall underwater

  3. learn underwater / recall on land

  4. learn underwater / recall underwater
• how can you best recall info?


  be in the same place and state you learnt the info in
• what is state-dependance failure?


  when you recall in a different stat than the info was encoded in (drunk/sober)
• what is context-dependance failure?

  when you recall in a different environment than the info was encoded
• what is a limitation of retrieval failure?

  - ignores other types of memory eg. procedural memories
• what is retrieval failure?


  forgetting due to the absense of cues
• (6) what are cues?

  links to info created when we encode
• what did Schmidt find?


  more people moved the less they remembered - new info stopping old
• what was Schmidt aim and procedure?

  support retroactive intereference

  asked PPTT aged 11-79 to recall street names around their school.
• what is the strength + limitation of McGeoch & McDonald study?

  + done in lab setting (no influences)

  - lack ecological validity