Eukaryotic cells

• what are prokaryotic organisms?

  prokaryotic cells (ie they are single celled organisms
• what are eukaryotic organisms made up of ?

  eukaryotic cells
• give details about eukaryotic cells?

  • they are complex
  • include all animal and plant cells as well as algae and fungi
• give details about prokaryotic cells?

  • small and simple
  • eg bacteria
• list the organelles found in eukaryotic cells?

  • plasms (cell surface) membrane
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • nucleolus
  • nucleus
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • mitochondrion
  • cytoplasm
  • Golgi apparatus
  • nuclear envelope
  • ribosome
  • lysosome
• what organelles do plant cells have?

  • all the same organelles as animal cells , and also:
  • a cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata (channels for exchanging substances with adjacent cells)
  • a vacuole (comparetment that contains cell sap)
  • chloroplasts
• what might you also see in plant cells?

  starch grains BUT these are not organelles
• what do plants use starch grains to do?

  to store excess sugars
• give details about ALGAL cells?

  • similar to plant cells , they have all the same organelles like cell wall and chloroplasts
• give details about fungal cells?

  • a lot like plant cells but with two key differences
  • their cell walls are made of CHITIN not cellulose
  • they do not have chloroplasts because they do not photosynthesise
• what do algae carry out?

  photosynthesis
• give details about algae?

  • carry out photosynthesis
  • can be single-celled or multicellular
• what do fungi include?

  mushrooms and yeast
• what are most organelles surrounded by?

  membranes
• Cell-surface (Plasma) membrane

  
• Give a description of the cell-surface plasma membrane?

  The membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells. Made mainly of lipids and protein
• what is the cell-surface plasma membrane made mainly of?

  lipids and protein
• what is the function of the cell-surface (Plasma) membrane?

  • Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
  • It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
• nucleus diagram :

  
• Give a description of the nucleus?

  • A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores
  • The nucleus contains chromosomes (made from protein-bound linear DNA) and one or more structures called a nucleolus
• what is the plural of nucleus?

  Nuclei
• what is the plural of nucleolus?

  nucleoli
• give the function of the nucleus?


  • Controls the cell's activities by controlling the transcription of DNA (DNA contains instructions to make proteins)
  • The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • The nucleolus makes ribosomes
• what do the nuclear pores do?

  allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
• what does the nucleolus do?

  Makes ribosomes
• what does the nucleolus make?

  ribosomes
• mitochondrion diagram

  
• give a description of mitochondrion?

  • usually oval-shaped
  • they have a double-membrane - the inner one is folded to form structures called CRISTAE
  • inside is the MATRIX which contains enzymes involved in respiration
• what is the function of the mitochondrion?

  the site of aerobic respiration , where ATP is produced. They are found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy
• what is the plural of mitochondrion?

  mitochondria
• chloroplast diagram

  
• give the description of chloroplast?


  • A small, flattened structure
  • found in plant and algal cells
  • surrounded by a double membrane and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes. these membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form GRANA
  • Grana are linked together by lamellae- thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
• give the function of chloroplasts?

  the site of photosynthesis takes place/

  some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and other parts happen in the stroma
• what is the stroma?


  a thick fluid found in chloroplasts
• golgi apparatus
• Golgi Apparatus

  
• give a description of the golgi apparatus?

  a group of fluid-filled, membrane-filled flattened sacs.

  Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs
• what is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?


  It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. Makes lysosomes
• describe a golgi vesicle?


  A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the golgi apparatus
• what surrounds a golgi vesicle?


  a membrane