PEH

• Sports are forms of usually competitive physical activity or game which aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators
• Types of sports

  • Individual Sport
  • Dual Sport
  • Team Sport
• Individual Sport is a sport in which participants compete as individuals
• Dual Sport is a sport that requires two (2) players on each side
• Team Sport involves three (3) or more players working together towards a shared objective. It is an activity in which individuals are organized into opposing teams which compete to win
• Injuries can be caused by accidents or acts of violence, and may occur at home, work, or play. They can be due to impact from blunt objects or from objects that penetrate the body
• Stages of Sport Injuries

  1. 1st degree - mild, least severe, a couple days to heal if treated properly (*overstretched)

  2. 2nd degree - moderate but more severe, physiotherapy may be needed (*partial tear)

  3. 3rd degree - most severe, surgery, physiotherapy, up to 12 months to recover (*complete tear or rupture)
• Categories of Sport Injuries

  • Acute
  • Chronic
• Acute injuries are usually associated with a sudden, traumatic event such as clashing into another player during a game or fall from a bike. A traumatic impact can cause bones to crack, muscles to tear, and ligaments to snap
• Chronic injuries are caused by repeated overuse of muscle groups or joints. Poor technique and structural abnormalities can also contribute to the development of chronic injuries. Medical investigation of any sports injury is important because you may be hurt more severely than you think
• Common Sport Injuries

  • Sprain
  • Strain
  • Torn Cartilage
  • Dislocation
  • Fracture
• Arnis is a Filipino martial art that can be performed individually or with a partner
• Compound/open fracture is when the broken end of the bone comes through the skin
• Greenstick fracture is when pressure or impact buckles or bends a bone but only partially breaks it
• Stress fracture is an incomplete fracture of the bone caused by unusual, repeated stress
• Arnis is a Filipino martial art that can be performed individually or with a partner using a single stick or a pair of sticks for striking and blocking; can also be used for self-defense
• Arnis incorporates three related methods

  1. Espada Y Daga (Sword And Dagger)

  2. Solo Basto (Single Stick)

  3. Sinawali (to Weave)
• Arnis is the Philippines’ National Martial Art and Sport after PGMA signed R.A 9850 in 2009
• Three Related Terms of Arnis

  • Arnis – widely used in Luzon; comes from the Spanish term “arnes”
  • Eskrima – widely used in Visayas; comes from the Spanish term “esgrima” which means fencing
  • Kali – widely used in Mindanao; believed to have derived from two Cebuano words kamot (hand) and lihok (movement) according to Guro Danny Inosanto
• Remgio “Remy” Amador Presas (December 19, 1936 – August 28, 2001) was the Father of Modern Arnis, a martial artist, and a teacher
• Ernesto Presas (May 20, 1945 – November 1, 2010) was the founder of the Filipino martial arts system Kombatan
• Kombatan includes training with the stick and with bladed weapons in addition to empty-hand work, developed from the Modern Arnis system
• Arnis Martial Arts Competition is a continuous, full contact, live weapon, stick fighting venue
• Competitors in Arnis will fight each other with sticks in 2 round matches at 1 minute per round with 30 seconds of rest between rounds
• Arnis competition is an open-style competition with divisions based on weight, age, gender, rank, and martial arts experience level
• Rules of engagement in Arnis competitions include saluting opponents and judges, specific target areas, and allowed attacks
• Equipment used in Arnis competitions includes the rattan stick, called a cane or baston, which is usually about 28 inches in length
• Realistic defense


  • Movement, parrying, intelligent blocking
• Equipment required

  • WEKAF armor (Headgear, armored gown)
  • Protective full fingered gloves or WEKAF stick fighting gloves
  • Elbow pads, forearm pads, knee pads, protective cup, and shoes
  • T-shirts, pants (or shorts)
  • Rattan sticks
• Belt Ranks

  • White - beginner
  • Yellow- intermediate 1
  • Green - intermediate 2
  • Blue- Advance 1
  • Brown- Advance /Expert
  • Black - Master 1-9
  • Grand Master
• Additional ranks

  • Instructor – first degree black belt
  • Manong- maintained active status
  • Guro- 5th degree black belter
  • Lakan- a master of Kali based on skill and leadership
  • Tootoong Lakan- highest level in Filipino Combat system
  • Tuhon- has the knowledge, skills, and culture of the warriors
• Governing bodies of Arnis

  • ARPI– Arnis Philippines
  • PEKAF - Philippine Eskrima Kali-Arnis Federation
  • DEAAP- Department of Education Arnis Association Philippines
  • WEKAF – World Eskrima Kali Arnis Federation
• Basic Skills

  • Grip: Proper hold of the stick
  • Basic Stances: Ready Stance, Attention Stance, Salutation or "Saludo", Straddle Stance, Forward Stance
• Salutation or "Saludo"


  Mechanics followed in executing the saludo
• Straddle Stance

  1. Move one foot about two feet (2’) to the left or the right direction until both lower legs are almost perpendicular to the ground

  2. Both toes pointing in front, the waist and the body facing forward

  3. Distribute the weight or center of gravity to both legs
• Forward Stance


  1. Move one foot forward until the knee and the toe are in line to each other

  2. Both t
• Straddle stance


  • Mimics position when riding on a horse back
  • Commonly used for blocking the strikes to the side of the body
• Forward Stance


  1. Move one foot forward until the knee and the toe are in line to each other

  2. Both toes pointing in front, waist and body facing forward

  3. Distribute weight or center of gravity to both legs

  4. Can be right foot lead (Right Foot Forward Stance) or left foot lead (Left Foot Forward Stance)

  5. Commonly used with frontal striking or blocking techniques
• Back Stance

  1. Move one foot backward 45 degrees away from the body

  2. Heels of the foot form an imaginary “L” shape while legs are in a straddle position

  3. Distribute weight or center of gravity to both legs

  4. Can be right foot lead (Right Foot Back Stance) or left foot lead (Left Foot Back Stance)

  5. Used for blocking and backward evasion techniques
• Oblique Stance


  1. Move one foot forward 45 degrees away from the body until the knee and the toe are in line to each other

  2. Move on the same direction as the lead foot

  3. Both toes pointing in front, waist and body facing forward

  4. Distribute weight or center of gravity to both legs

  5. Can be right foot lead (Right Foot Oblique Stance) or left foot lead (Left Foot Oblique Stance)

  6. Commonly used for forward blocking and evasion techniques