Cold War

• NATO


  Formed in 1949

  12 original members: USA, Canada, Britain, France, Denmark, Italy, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Luxembourg and Iceland: West Germany in 1955

  Provided collective security for members

  Members worked together on defence strategy

  USA provided funds to improve European militaries.

  Nuclear weapons held by USA, Britain and France
• Warsaw Pact


  Formed 1955

  8 members: USSR, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, East Germany, Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia

  Formed as a response to NATO

  Presented as collective but most power held by Moscow

  Joint command of all armed forces

  Nuclear weapons held by USSR
• What was De-Stalinization


  25th February 1965 - new USSR Khrushchev delivered his 'secret speech' which criticised Stalin and showed he desired 'peaceful coexistence
• Impact of West Germany joining NATO

  Joined NATO in 1955 and began to rearm - USSR worried that NATO aaa becoming stronger and that West Germany would become a threat.
• Cuban Missile Crisis


  Tense confrontation between USA and USSR over Cuban missile deployment
• Fidel Castro


  Communist leader of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Bay of Pigs


  Failed US-backed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles in 1961
• Khrushchev


  Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Berlin Wall


  Barrier separating East and West Berlin to prevent defection
• Vienna Summit


  1961 meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev to discuss Cold War tensions
• Thirteen Days


  Critical period of the Cuban Missile Crisis from October 16 to 28, 1962
• U2 Spy Planes


  Aircraft used for reconnaissance, crucial in discovering Cuban missile sites
• Quarantine


  Alternative to air strike during the Crisis, naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships from reaching Cuba
• GDR


  German Democratic Republic, East Germany's official name during the Cold War
• FRG


  Federal Republic of Germany, West Germany's official name during the Cold War
• Iron Curtain


  Symbolic division between Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War
• Sphere of Influence


  Area where a powerful state exerts significant cultural, economic, or military influence
• Kennedy's Response to Cuban Missile Crisis


  Kennedy orders blockade, negotiates with Khrushchev, avoids invasion.
• Quarantine of Cuba


  Kennedy's decision to surround Cuba, block Soviet ships.
• US Navy Blockade


  American warships prevent Soviet ships from reaching Cuba.
• Air Strike Concerns


  Advisors warn air strikes may not destroy all missiles in Cuba.
• Khrushchev's Response


  Soviet ships turn back, agree to remove missiles from Cuba.
• Kennedy's Victory


  Successful negotiation leads to removal of Cuban missiles.
• Cuban Missile Crisis Consequences

  Kennedy gains strength, establishes hotline, signs Partial Test Ban Treaty.
• Prague Spring Causes


  Dubcek's reforms in Czechoslovakia challenge Soviet control.
• Brezhnev Doctrine


  USSR's policy to invade countries threatening Communism in Eastern Europe.
• Checkpoint Charlie Crisis


  Standoff in Berlin between NATO and Soviet forces, resolved by Kennedy and Khrushchev.