LAB

• Tail Base Method

  • Pick up the mouse by the base of the tail
  • Injuries (Degloving, Fracture)
  • Place mouse quickly on the other hand or in the wire mesh. Do not suspend mouse by the tail for prolonged periods of time
  • Stress
• Scruff Method


  • Restrain mouse near the base of the tail with your dominant hand
  • Grasp the skin at the back of the neck with the non-dominant hand
  • Place tail between fingers to secure and control the animal
• Forceps Method


  • Use a rubber-tipped forceps
  • Gently grasp the animal by the scruff of the neck or base of the tail
  • Forceps should be dipped in disinfectant between cages
  • Use only for short-term procedures
• Mechanical Restrainer

  1. Restrain mouse using the scruff method

  2. Place mouse head into the opening of the restrainer

  3. Release grip on the neck while holding onto the tail

  4. Place the securing block in the appropriate slot
• Evolution of the current six-kingdom scheme

  1. Aristotle and Carl Linnaeus proposed plants and animals

  2. Ernst Haeckel proposed plants, animals, protists

  3. Herbert Copeland proposed animal, plant, protist, monera

  4. Robert Whittaker proposed animal, plant, protist, monera, fungi

  5. Carl Woese proposed animal, plant, protist, monera, fungi, eubacteria, archeabacteria
• Mechanical Restrainer

  1. Restrain mouse using tail base method

  2. Gently but firmly, pull the mouse into the restrainer

  3. Place securing block close to the head

  4. Ensure that the mouse has adequate space to breathe
• Dichotomous key


  A method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly, with each sequential division revealing more information about the specific features of a particular organism

  
• Intradermal Injection

  • Must be done under anesthesia
  • Clip hair on the back and prepare area by swabbing with alcohol
  • Insert needle between layers of skin on the back at 30 degrees angle
  • Administer article slowly. Successful injection results in the formation of bleb.
• When using a dichotomous key to identify specimens it is preferable to use immutable features (i.e. features that do not change)</b>

  
• Subcutaneous Injection (Scruff Method)

  1. Restrain mouse by scruff method

  2. Prepare injection site by swabbing with alcohol

  3. Make a tent on the skin at the back of the neck using your thumb and forefinger

  4. Aspirate syringe to ensure proper placement (vacuum created). Any signs of blood means incorrect placement

  
• Dichotomous key representations

  • Branching flowchart (diagrammatic representation)
  • Series of paired statements laid out in a numbered sequence (descriptive representation)
• Subcutaneous Injection (Towel Method)


  1. Place the mouse at the center of the towel and fold it over the mouse. Leave tail area exposed.

  2. Restrain the front two-thirds of the mouse with the palm of your non-dominant hand.

  3. Prepare injection site by swabbing with alcohol

  4. Make a tent on the skin over the hind quarters using the thumb and forefinger

  5. Insert needle at the base of the skin fold between thumb and forefinger

  6. Aspirate syringe to ensure proper placement (vacuum created). Any signs of blood means incorrect placement- reposition needle
• Similarities and differences between the classification systems of Aristotle and Linnaeus:
• Subcutaneous Injection (Anesthesia Method)

  1. Anesthetized the mouse

  2. Position the mouse sideways exposing the flank

  3. Prepare injection site by swabbing with alcohol

  4. Make a tent on the skin on the flank area using your thumb and forefinger

  5. Insert needle at the base of the skin fold between thumb and forefinger

  6. Aspirate syringe to ensure proper placement (vacuum created). Any signs of blood means incorrect placement- reposition needle.
• Intraperitoneal Injection

  1. Restrain the mouse by scruff method

  2. Position the mouse in such a way that the abdomen is facing you and the head of the mouse is lower than its body.

  3. Divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants

  4. Quadrant 3 is the best area for IP injection

  5. Prepare injection site by swabbing with alcohol

  6. Insert the needle halfway between the midline and where the leg attaches the body at 30 degrees angle

  7. Aspirate syringe to ensure proper placement. Any signs of blood/green or yellow fluid means incorrect placement- reposition needle

  8. Administer article in a steady, fluid, motion
• Binomial nomenclature


  The scientific naming system where the first letter of the genus name is capitalized and the species name is written with a small letter. If printed, both names are italicized. If handwritten, both names are underlined. The genus name may be abbreviated to the first letter in subsequent citations.
• Intramuscular Injection


  1. Restrain the mouse by scruff method or anesthesia

  2. Swab the caudal thigh or quadriceps muscle with alcohol and insert needle

  3. Aspirate syringe to ensure proper placement

  4. Administer article in a steady, fluid motion

  5. Do not administer the article rapidly because of tissue trauma
• Evolution can result in reduced complexity or smaller size, as seen in the example of Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands, where the varied beak shapes and sizes helped the birds acquire specific types of food.
• Course/Year

  BSP - 1A
• When surveying the animal kingdom, we find an incredible amount of diversity in structure and function. Though there are over a million described species on earth, almost all of these species are invertebrates. Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone.
• Intravenous Injection

  1. Restrain the mouse using a mechanical restrainer or by anesthesia

  2. Prepare tail by swabbing with alcohol

  3. Injection should always start off closer to the tip of the tail

  4. Holding the tail in position, insert needle parallel to the vein

  5. Ensure proper needle placement by inserting it at least 3mm into the lumen of the vein

  6. Administer article in a slow, fluid motion to avoid rupturing the vessel

  7. If solution leaks to surrounding tissue or if bleb forms, remove needle and re-insert slightly higher on the vein
• Subject

  ZOO 101
• Invertebrates


  • Subdivided based on symmetry, tissue development, and larvae development

  
• Date

  03/22/24
• Orbital Sinus Blood Collection

  1. Orbital bleeds must be done under anesthesia

  2. Anesthetized mouse must be checked for absence of pedal reflex

  3. Position the mouse in the table in lateral recumbency

  4. Place a hematocrit tube at the medial canthus of the eye

  5. Gently rotate and advance the tube through the membrane

  6. Continue rotating the tube until blood flows into the tube

  7. Transfer blood in appropriate vessel

  8. Hold the eyelids closed and apply gentle pressure using a gauze
• Symmetry types

  • Radial
  • Bilateral
• Activity

  Laboratory Exercise: Introduction to Invertebrates
• Protostomes

  First opening in embryonic development is the mouth
• Lateral Tail Vein Blood Collection

  1. Restrain the mouse using a mechanical restrainer or anesthesia

  2. Prepare tail by swabbing with alcohol

  3. Holding the tail in position, insert needle approximately parallel to the vein

  4. Ensure proper placement by inserting needle at least 3mm into the lumen of the vein

  5. Place hematocrit tube into needle bulb. Alternatively, remove the needle and let the blood flow into the collection tube

  6. Apply gentle pressure over the collection using a dry gauze until bleeding stops
• Deuterostomes


  First opening in embryonic development is the anus
• Ecdysozoa


  Have a shedable exoskeleton
• When surveying the animal kingdom, we find an incredible amount of diversity in structure and function. Though there are over a million described species on earth, almost all of these species are invertebrates. Invertebrates are animals that lack a backbone.

  
• Facial Vein Blood Collection

  1. Restrain the mouse using scruff method

  2. Locate the hairless freckle on the side of the jaw

  3. Prick the freckle with a sharp lancet

  4. Collect blood in appropriate vessel

  5. Apply pressure on the site of collection until bleeding stops
• Trochozoans


  Have a larval form that is free swimming
• Intracardiac Blood Collection

  1. Must be done under anesthesia

  2. Anesthetized mouse must be checked for absence of pedal reflex

  3. Position the mouse in the table in dorsal recumbency

  4. Prepare area by swabbing with alcohol

  5. Insert needle at the base of sternum at 15-20 degrees angle just lateral of the midline

  6. Aspirate slowly to prevent the heart from collapsing

  7. This procedure must be followed by euthanasia
• Invertebrates


  • Subdivided based on symmetry, tissue development, and larvae development
• Symmetry types

  • Radial
  • Bilateral
• Coelomates have a body cavity that has been completely lined by the mesoderm which allows for growth of complex organs.
• Protostomes

  First opening in embryonic development is the mouth
• There is a great diversity in invertebrate organisms, but there simply isn't time in lab to address all the differences in their anatomy and physiology.