eukaryotic organelles

• what are the two types of ribosome

  70s and 80s
• where do you find 70s ribosomes

  prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
• where do you find 80s ribosomes


  eukaryotes only
• what do lysosomes hydrolyse 


  material ingested by phagocytic cells
• what do lysosomes digest

  dead/worn out cells so that useful chemicals they are made of can be reused
• how do lysosomes destroy material outside of cell

  release enzymes outside of cell
• what do lysosomes contain

  lysozymes (enzymes) which hydrolyse the cell wall of bacteria
• what does the golgi add to proteins

  carbohydrates to form glycoproteins
• what does the golgi produce

  secretory enzymes
• what does the golgi do to lipids and proteins

  transport, modify and store them
• does the golgi form lysosomes

  yes
• what is the structure of the golgi

  stacks of membranes that make up flattened sacs (cisternae) and round hollow structures (vesicles)
• where is the nucleus found

  eukaryotes ONLY
• what does the nucleus control

  the cell via the production of mRNA and tRNA and protein synthesis
• what does the nucleus hold

  genetic information (DNA) in chromosomes
• what does the nucleus manufacture

  rRNA and ribosomes
• what is the function of the nuclear membrane

  a double membrane that controls the entry and exit of materials to the nucleus
• what is the function of nucleus pores


  allows the passage of large molecules out of the nucleus
• what is the function of the nucleolus

  manufactures ribosomal subunits and assembles ribosomes
• what are the mitochondria's double membrane called

  inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane
• what's the function of the mitochondrial double membrane


  control the entry and exit of materials
• what is the cristae


  extensions of the inner mitochondrial membrane
• what's the function of the cristae

  it provides a larger surface area for the attatchment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration
• why does mitochondria contain ribosomes and mtDNA

  for energy when synthesising proteins needed for aerobic respiration
• what is mitochondria the site of

  aerobic respiration
• what makes up the rest of the mitochondrion

  the matrix
• what does the mitochondrial matrix contain

  proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA
• what does mitochondria synthesise

  ATP
• what do metabolically active cells contain more of

  mitochondria as they require lots of ATP as an energy source
• what is the chloroplast envelope

  a highly selective double membrane which controls what enters and leaves the chloroplast
• what is the stroma


  a fluid filled matrix in chloroplasts which is the site of light independent reaction of photosynthesis
• what are grana 


  stacks of thylakoids found in the chloroplast
• what are thylakoids


  flattened sacs in the chloroplast which contain chlorophyll, they are the site of the light dependant reaction for photosynthesis
• what does the lamella do in chloroplasts

  join adjacent grana
• what do grana membranes provide in chloroplasts


  a larger surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll
• what does the stroma hold in the chloroplast

  all the enzymes needed for photosynthesis
• what is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

  membrane bound tubules made from flattened sacs called cisternae
• function of smooth ER


  synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbohydrates
• what does the rough ER provide

  large surface area for the synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins and a pathway for the transport of materials
• what does the rough ER have attached on its surface

  ribosomes