Middle and Late Adulthood

• Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural influences

  Fluid Intelligence
• ability to remember and use learned information; it is largely dependent on education and culture

  Crystallized intelligence
• process that allows expertise to compensate for declines in information-processing ability by bundling relevant knowledge together


  Encapsulation
• Divergent Thinking (Creativity) is said to PEAK at what stage/age of life?

  late thirties
• Occupational Roles in INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY

  • Young people are students
  • Young and middle-aged adults are workers
  • Older adults organize their lives around retirement and leisure.
• Before bringing their working lives to a complete stop, people may reduce work hours or days, gradually moving into retirement over a number of years

  Phased Retirement
• perceptual speed tended to decline earliest and most rapidly
• Long-term memory of GENERAL FACTUAL KNOWLDEDGE, social customs, and language

  Semantic Memory
• Long-term memory of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things, which can be recalled without conscious effort

  Procedural memory (Implicit memory)
• occurs in people of all ages but becomes MORE COMMON IN LATE ADULTHOOD which results from a failure in working memory

  Tip-of-the-tongue Phenomenon
• Alzheimer's disease disrupts working memory (located in the prefrontal cortex at the front of the frontal lobes) as well as semantic and episodic memory (located in the frontal and temporal lobes)
• Parkinson’s disease affects procedural memory, located in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and other areas
• Dysfunction in these areas may cause false memories— “remembering” events that never occurred.

  Frontal Lobes
• better memory is associated with larger hippocampal volume
• involves remembering to do something in the future, such as remembering to call a friend later

  Prospective memory
• • “exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge about the conditions of life and human affairs and reflective judgment about the application of this knowledge"
  • ability to navigate the messiness of life

  Wisdom