Applied anatomy and physiology

• Support, shape, protection, movement, mineral storage, production


  What are the six functions of the skeleton?

  
• red blood cells


  Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
• white blood cells


  fight infection
• joint


  A place where two or more bones meet
• synovial joint


  freely movable joint commonly found in the limbs: contain synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid
• Cartilage


  A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
• synovial fluid


  joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
• capsule


  Tough fibrous tissue- surrounds synovial joints; usually supported by ligaments.
• Ligaments


  Connect bone to bone
• Dislocation


  Displacement of a bone from a joint
• Bursae


  fluid filled sacs that help to reduce friction at a joint
• Tendon


  Attaches muscle to bone
• hinge joint


  Joint that allows flexion and extension
• Flexion


  Decreases the angle of a joint, the angle between the bones decreases
• extension


  increases the angle of a joint, the angle between the bones increases
• vertebrae


  26 small bones that make up your backbone
• ball and socket joint

  Joint that allows many movements- flexion and extension; abduction and adduction ; and rotation
• Range of movement


  A measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of the different movements allowed
• Abduction


  Movement away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  Movement toward the midline of the body
• Rotation


  Turning of a limb along its long axis
• femur, patella, tibia


  bones involved in the knee joint
• Meniscus


  cartilage disc between bones to absorb shock and cushion joint between the femur and the tibia in the knee
• cruciate ligaments


  Ligaments that attach tibia to femur in the knee joint
• tibia, fibula, talus


  Name the bones that form the ankle joint
• plantar flexion


  bends the foot downward at the ankle, pointing the toes
• Dorsiflexion


  movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle, toes are pulled upwards towards the knee.
• Ligaments


  Strong bands of tissue that connect bones to each other and provide stability and support to joints
• Ligament function


  Ligaments help to prevent excessive movement of the joint, protecting it from injury and guiding the movement of the joint in the correct range of motion
• Ligament properties


  Ligaments do not have the ability to stretch or contract, but they can become damaged or torn if the joint is subjected to sudden or forceful movements