memory

• visual encoding


  how something looks
• acoustic encoding


  how something sounds
• semantic encoding


  the meaning of something
• tactile encoding


  how something feels
• encoding


  the form information takes when we put it into our memory so that it can be held in our brain.
• storage


  the info is kept in your memory so it can be retrieved later
• retrieval


  the info can be accessed and brought back out of your brain
• recognition


  identifying something previously learnt from a number of options
• cued recall


  being given a clue to help remember
• free recall


  no clue to help you remember
• processes of memory

  • encoding (input)
  • storage
  • retrieval (output)
• long-term memory


  memories that last a week, month, year or even a lifetime
• three types of LTM

  episodic, semantic, procedural
• episodic memory


  memory for events from your life
• semantic memory


  about what things mean
• procedural memory


  about how to do things
• who developed multi-store model

  Atkinson and Shriffin
• multi-store model


  there are 3 memory stores & have different encoding, capacity and duration. info moves through stores by rehearsal.
• sensory memory


  first store
• sensory memory: coding

  eyes, ears, sensory stores
• sensory store: capacity

  very high
• sensory store: duration

  briefly/ less than half a second
• STM

  2nd store
• STM: coding

  tends to be acoustic
• STM: duration

  less than 30 secs unless rehearsed ( then it will stay in STM )
• STM: capacity

  5-9 items/ chunks
• rehearsal

  if you keep repeating/ rehearsing the info will go to your LTM
• LTM: coding

  semantic
• LTM: capacity

  unlimited
• LTM: duration

  unlimited
• multi-store model: evaluation +

  there's evidence for different memory stores. baddeley’s study of encoding shows that STM and LTM encode information differently. shows that they are different which supports the M-S Model
• multi-store model: evaluation -

  too simple, suggests we have 1 STM and 1 LTM. research shows STM is divided into different stores, and LTM into episodic, semantic and procedural memory. memory is more complex than MSM suggests
• murdock's serial position curve study: aim


  to see if memory of words was affected by where words are located in the list.
• murdock's serial position curve study: method

  1. randomly selected 4000 of the most common words
  2. participants listened to 20 words lists with 10-40 words in them
  3. they recalled the words after each list
• murdock's serial position curve study: results

  recall was related to the position of the word in the list. higher recall for the first words (primacy effect) and the last words (recency effect) in the list, compared to recall of the words in the middle of the list.
• murdock's serial position curve study: conclusion

  shows the serial position effect- the position effects likelihood of recall. supports M-S Model as the first words are rehearsed and in LTM and last are still in STM.
• murdock's serial position curve study: evaluation +

  controlled lab experiment, trustworthy. things like speed of words were controlled.  more certain that it was the position of the words that affected recall.
• murdock's serial position curve study: evaluation -

  artificial task. lists of words were used which relates to just one type of memory. therefore, the results don’t relate to how we use our memories in other ways, such as for personal events.
• primacy and recency effect on recall

  words at beginning are remembered more bc they've been rehearsed and in LTM. words at end are still in STM so it can be recalled.
• memory is a ______ process

  active