GEO

• Magma - molten rock that is under the earth's surface.
• lava - When magma flows or erupts into the surface.
• Igneous Rock - Magma that has cooled into a solid.
• Decompression Melting - The process of the Earth's crust expanding and cooling as it is forced upward
• Convection - The transfer of heat by the movement of hot and cold air.
• Transfer of Heat - Magma forms through this. It is created when hot liquid rock intrudes the Earth's cold crust.
• Flux Melting - The process of the magma rising through the crust and the magma being melted by the heat of the Earth. Occurs around Subduction Zones.
• Intrusion - One of the 2 major ways that Magma leaves the upper mantle and crust. Magma that moves up in the volcano without erupting. It can form features such as dikes and xenoliths
• Extrusion - One of the 2 Major ways Magma leaves the ground. Pours out over the Earth's Surface in a Volcanic Eruption.
• Magma Chamber - The upper part of the mantle where magma is stored and erupts.
• Mafic Magma

  • Produces Basalt - A rock the is heavy and dark in color due to its magnesium levels.
  • Low Silica Content (50%) and higher contents of iron and magnesium.
  • Most fluid of all magma types
  • Ranges temperature (1000 - 1200)
• Intermediate Magma

  • Produces Andesite - an extrusive rock intermediate in composition between rhyolite and basalt.
  • Silica content (60%)
  • Sticky lava and explodes violently
  • Ranges temperature (800 - 1000)
• Felsic Magma

  • Produces Rhyolite - extrusive igneous rock, generally light in color due to its low content of mafic minerals, and it is typically very fine-grained (aphanitic) or glassy.
  • Highest Silica Content (65% - 70%)
  • Highest gas content and viscosity.
  • Temperature Ranges (650 - 800)
• Convection Currents - Heat-driven currents in the mantle that causes the magma to rise and fall.
• Divergent Boundaries - Where magma rises to form new crust. Occurs when tectonic plates move away from each other.
• Subduction Zones - Where one tectonic plate is forced under another. Descending plates melt mantle rock and form magma.

  
• Volcanic Eruptions - Pressure releases that cause magma to erupt, forming lava flows and volcanic rocks.
• Magma Differentiation - Minerals crystallize as magma rises, forming different igneous rocks.
• Lava - molten rock that has been erupted from a volcano and flows on the ground.
• Effusive Eruptions - One of the 2 primary mechanisms of lava flow. Low viscosity and flows steadily.

  • Pahoehoe - Smooth and ropey texture, flowing quickly.
  • Aa - Rough and blocky texture, slower-moving due to higher viscosity.
• Explosive Eruptions - The second mechanism of lava flow. Highly explosive and can eject ash into the atmosphere. Can also create pyroclastic flows (fast moving clouds of hot gas).
• Crystallization from Magma - when magma solidifies, mineral crystals form.
• Hydrothermal Processes - Hot, mineral-rich fluids circulating in the Earth's crust as they cool and react with surrounding rocks.
• Metamorphism - changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to pressures and temperatures different from those under which the rock originally formed.
• Sedimentary Rocks - formed from the accumulation of sediments and are found in layers.
• Weathering/erosion - the process of rocks breaking down due to the action of weathering agents.
• Depositional Environments - Specific locations to where sediment is deposited over time.
• Fluvial Environments (River) - A type of depositional environment.
• Aeolian Environment (Wind) - A type of depositional environment.
• Marine Environments (Ocean) - A type of depositional environment.
• Lucristine Environment (Lake)- A type of depositional environment
• Deltaic Environment (Mouth of rivers that enters the ocean and lakes)- A type of depositional environment
• Glacial Environment (Ice)- A type of depositional environment
• Transitional Environment (shoreline or coastline, have diverse type of sediments)- A type of depositional environment
• Deep-Sea Environment (Ocean Floor)- A type of depositional environment
• Evaporative Environment (Arid)- A type of depositional environment
• Clastic Sedimentary Texture - composed of grains, fragments of pre - existing rocks that have been packed together with spaces (pores) between grains.
• Non-Clastic Sedimentary Texture - Found chiefly in rocks that have precipitated chemically from water.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks

  • also called detrital sedimentary rocks
  • Mechanical weathering physically splits or breaks previously formed rocks into smaller fragments called clasts.
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

  • In chemical weathering, minerals of existing rocks of any type are dissolved primarily by water.
  • Chemical Precipitation - The dissolved ions are transported to a new location where they come out of solution.