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• Deviance


  Guidelines for what is believed to be appropriate or acceptable in a given social group or culture
• Norms


  Give us an expected idea of behavior and serve to bring predictability and order to social interactions
• Types of Social Norms

  • Folkways
  • Mores
  • Codified Laws
• Folkways


  The everyday practices or norms that distinguish between proper and rude behavior
• Mores


  Identify what is morally acceptable or undesirable in any given culture, dictating right and wrong
• Codified Laws


  Norms that are specified in explicit codes/written codes and enforced by government bodies
• Types of Deviance

  • Admired Behavior
  • Odd Behavior
  • Bad Behavior
• Admired Behavior


  Something like heroism/heroic - the saving of the life of another person whilst putting your own life in great danger
• Odd Behavior


  "Odd" or "different" to normal behavior, e.g. the person who shares their house with 50 cats; piercing or tattoos all over the body
• Bad Behavior

  Law-breaking/criminal behavior - behavior that is seen as strange, bizarre, or extremely unconventional
• Definitions of Deviance

  • Normative
  • Reactive
• Absolute deviance would mean that in all societies and at all times certain forms of behavior will be considered deviant
• Functionalism Theory


  Views society as different parts functioning together for society as a whole, and sees deviance as a key component of a functioning society
• Functionalism Theory


  • Views society as a complex but orderly and stable system with interconnected structures and functions or social patterns that operate to meet the needs of individuals in a society
  • Argues that for a healthy society, individuals must obey society's norms and values
• Functionalism on Crime Deviance


  Believes crime is inevitable/unavoidable and universal, and that a limited amount of crime contributes to the well-being of a society
• Functionalists believe that too much crime is bad for society and can help bring about its collapse, hence institutions of social control are necessary to keep the amount of crime in check
• Why is Crime Universal?

  Not everyone is equally and effectively socialized into the shared norms and values, so some will deviate<|>The diversity of lifestyle and values means that some norms in one culture may be deemed deviant in another
• Positive Functions of Deviance

  Boundary Maintenance - Deviance is likely to happen when there is a misalignment between the "cultural goals" of a society and the opportunities people have to obtain them<|>Adaptation and Change - All change starts with deviance, and challenging existing norms and values could give rise to a new culture<|>Structure of Society/Social Structures - Institutions are fundamental components of society, each serving specific functions that contribute to its overall stability and functioning
• Dysfunctions

  Harmful consequences that disrupt social stability, where the balance between different parts of the system is disrupted
• Manifest Functions


  The intended and recognized outcomes of social institutions, such as defining social boundaries and maintaining social order
• Latent Functions


  The unintended and often hidden consequences of social institutions, such as instilling social cohesion and sparking social change
• Strain Theory


  Illustrates the disconnect that can occur between cultural goals and the means available to achieve them, which often results in a "strain" that propels people toward deviance
• Culture


  The organized set of normative values governing behavior which is common to members of a designated society or group
• Structure


  The organized set of social relationships in which members of the society or group are variously implicated
• Anomie


  The state of normlessness which arises when there is an acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members of the group to act in accord with them
• Strain


  The tension or pressure that arises when people recognize a gap between what society tells them they should have and what they're able to get through legitimate means
• Cultural Goals

  The aspirations ingrained in a society's culture, such as the pursuit of financial success, educational attainment, or social recognition
• Institutionalized Means


  The approved ways of reaching cultural goals, such as education, employment, hard work, and adherence to legal channels
• Modes of Adaptation


  • Conformity
  • Innovation
  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
• Conformity


  Accepting both cultural goals and means, striving to achieve success within the existing societal structure
• Innovation


  Accepting goals but rejecting legitimate means to achieve those goals, seeking alternative ways to succeed
• Ritualism


  Rejecting goals and accepting means, tending to focus more on rules and regulations
• Retreatism

  Rejecting both goals and means, withdrawing from society
• Rebellion


  Rejecting existing goals and means and making new alternate goals and means, seeking to replace or revolutionize the system
• Social Disorganization Theory


  Asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control, and that a sudden influx of a large number of people in and out of a neighborhood creates a pathological environment that contributes more to crime than the deviant behavior of abnormal individuals
• Social Disorganization Theory

  • Considers social disorganization as a state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or consensus among the members of a society
  • Emphasizes the crucial role of social institutions, such as family, schools, religious organizations, and community groups, in maintaining social order within neighborhoods and communities
  • Views neighborhoods and communities as complex ecosystems where various social, economic, and environmental factors interact to shape human behavior
• Social disorganization


  A state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or consensus among the members of a society
• Emile Durkheim: 'Considers social disorganization as a state of disequilibrium and a lack of social solidarity or consensus among the members of a society'
• Dyburn and Nimkoff: 'When the harmonious relationship between the various parts of culture is disturbed, social disorganization ensues'
• Social disorganization


  The process by which the relationship between the members of a group is broken or dissolved