Eukaryotic Cell Structure : Animal Cells

• Eukaryotes are (mostly) multicellular organisms made up of eukaryotic cells like animals, plants, fugi and protists.
• Prokaryotes are single celled organisms made up of prokaryotic cells like bacteria.
• The Structure of a Nucleus

  • Contains genetic information in the forms of chromosomes.
  • Contains a structure known as nucleolus.
  • Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) containing pores).

  
• Function of a Nucleus

  • Controlling the cell's activities - the DNA contains instructions to produce protiens.
  • Sythesis of Ribosomes - The nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA.
  • Exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm - Substaces can enter or leave nucleus via the nuclear pores.
• Structure of cell-surface membrane.

  • Found on the surface of animal cells
  • Mainly made up of lipids and proteins

  
• Function of cell-surface membrane

  • Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell - The membrane is partially permable .
  • Cell signaling - Receptors can detecct signals from other cells.

  
• Structure of Mitochondria

  • Contains enzyme-rich liquid known as the matrix.
  • Surrounded by double membrane in which inner membrane is folded to form structures known as cristae.
  • Contains their own DNA and ribosomes.

  
• Function of Mitochondria

  • Site of aerobic respiration - Produces ATP

  
• Structure of ribosomes.

  • Made up of proteins and rRNA ( ribosomes RNA ).
  • Consist of a larhe and small subunit.
  • Not surrounded by membrane.

  
• Funtion of Ribosomes

  • Site of protein synthesis - involved in the process of translation.

  
• Structure of the Golgi apparatus

  • Contain fluid-filled, membrane-bound sacs known as cisternae
  • Contain smaller vesticles.

  
• Function of the Golgi Apparatus

  • Process and package lipids and proteins - carried out by cisternae.
  • Store and transport lipids and proteins - carried out by vesticles.
  • Synthesise lysosomes - Specialised vesticles.

  
• Structure of Rough Endoplasmatic Reticulum

  • Contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, known as cisternae.
  • The surface of the cisternae is covered in ribosomes.

  
• Function of Rough Endoplasmatic Reticulum

  • Synthesis and transportation of proteins - The proteins are made using the ribosomes.
• Structure of Smooth Endoplasmatic reticulum

  • Contains a network of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space known as the cisternae.
  • No Ribosomes.

  
• Function of Smooth Endoplasmatic Reticulum

  • Synthesis, storage and transportation of proteins - the proteins are made using the ribosomes.

  
• Structure of Lysosomes

  • Contains Hydrolytic enzymes
  • Surrounded by a membrane to keep enzymes separate from the cytoplasm of the cell.

  
• Funtion of Lysosomes

  • Digest invading cells - this process uses enzymes.
  • Break down waste material - this material includes old oranelles.