Blood

• What is the primary function of the heart?

  The heart pumps blood around the body.
• What type of muscle tissue is the heart made from?

  The heart is made from cardiac muscle tissue.
• What supplies oxygen to the cardiac muscle tissue?

  The coronary artery supplies oxygen to the cardiac muscle tissue.
• What is a double circulatory system?

  • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange.
  • The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.
• What causes coronary heart disease?

  Coronary heart disease is caused by a build-up of fatty material in the coronary arteries.
• How do stents help patients with coronary heart disease?

  Stents help keep the coronary arteries open.
• What do patients with heart failure often use before a transplant?

  Patients with heart failure often use artificial hearts.
• What symptoms might people with faulty heart valves experience?

  People with faulty heart valves may feel symptoms of breathlessness.
• What types of valves can replace faulty heart valves?

  Faulty heart valves can be replaced with biological or mechanical valves.
• What are the four main components of blood?

  • Red blood cells: bind to oxygen and transport it.
  • Plasma: transports substances and blood cells.
  • Platelets: form blood clots to prevent infections.
  • White blood cells: defend the body against pathogens.
• What is the function of red blood cells?

  Red blood cells bind to oxygen and transport it around the body.
• What is the function of plasma?

  Plasma transports substances and blood cells around the body.
• What is the function of platelets?

  Platelets form blood clots to create barriers to infections.
• What is the function of white blood cells?

  White blood cells are part of the immune system to defend the body against pathogens.
• What are the functions and structures of blood vessels?

  • Artery: carries blood away from the heart; thick, muscular walls; small lumen.
  • Vein: carries blood to the heart; thinner walls with valves; large lumen.
  • Capillary: connects arteries and veins; one cell thick; very narrow lumen for diffusion.
• What is the function of arteries?

  Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure.
• How does the structure of an artery relate to its function?

  Arteries have thick, elastic walls that can stretch to withstand high pressure.
• What is the function of veins?

  Veins carry blood to the heart at low pressure.
• How does the structure of a vein relate to its function?

  Veins have thinner walls and valves to prevent blood from flowing the wrong way.
• What is the function of capillaries?

  Capillaries connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of substances.
• How does the structure of a capillary relate to its function?

  Capillaries have one cell thick walls for a short diffusion distance.
• What is the process of breathing in air?

  1. Air moves through the mouth and nose.
  2. Down the trachea.
  3. Into the bronchi.
  4. Through the bronchioles.
  5. Into the alveoli.
• What happens to oxygen in the alveoli?

  Oxygen diffuses into the capillaries in the network of blood vessels over the surface of the alveoli.
• Why are leaves considered organs?

  • Leaves contain many tissues.
  • These tissues work together to perform photosynthesis.
• What are stomata?

  Stomata are tiny openings in the undersides of leaves.
• Why are stomata located on the undersides of leaves?

  This placement reduces water loss through evaporation.
• What is the function of stomata?

  • Control gas exchange.
  • Allow diffusion of gases into and out of the plant.
• What is the function of the phloem?

  The phloem transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
• What is the purpose of translocation?

  Translocation transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
• What is transpiration?

  Transpiration is the movement of water from the roots to the leaves through the xylem.
• What are the purposes of transpiration?

  • Provide water to cells for turgor.
  • Provide water to cells for photosynthesis.
  • Transport mineral ions to leaves.
• What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Humidity
  • Wind speed
• How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

  Higher temperatures increase the rate of transpiration.
• How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

  Higher levels of humidity decrease the rate of transpiration.
• Why does increased light intensity increase the rate of transpiration?

  Increased light intensity causes stomata to open wider for photosynthesis.
• Where are most stomata found?

  Most stomata are found on the underside of leaves.
• What is the advantage of having a high number of stomata on the underside of leaves?

  A high number of stomata reduces water loss through evaporation.