Dev psych

• In societies that place higher value on group needs, freedom of choice exists, but interdependence, responsibility, and expectations of cooperation are more important, research suggests.
• Today, there is more awareness that it can be healthy for interdependence to continue, detachment typically occurs earlier, in middle childhood, the peer group is more important than parents, and all parents have the same goal for their adolescent child.
• The resolution of Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development involves resolving three major issues: the choice of an occupation, the adoption of values to live by, and the development of a satisfying sexual identity.
• Psychologists and psychiatrists have often viewed adolescence as a time when the healthy trajectory of development involves detachment from the parents.
• Bronfenbrenner believed that the process of human development was shaped by the different levels of interaction between an individual and their environment.
• James Marcia's theory of identity formation suggests that identity status is not fixed but changes over time.
• Urie Bronfenbrenner created the Ecological Systems Theory, which states that a person's development is affected by their surrounding environment.
• Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development, in which an adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role she or he is to play in society, is called identity versus identity confusion.
• The chief task of adolescence is to confront the crisis of identity versus identity confusion, or identity vs role confusion, so as to become a unique adult with a coherent sense of self and a valued role in society (Erikson, 1950).
• The embryonic disk will differentiate into three layers: the ectoderm, the upper layer, will become the outer layer of skin, the nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
• In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants do not coordinate information from their senses.
• The embryonic disk is a thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop.
• In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants begin to show interest in the environment and repeat actions that bring interesting results.
• The proximodistal principle dictates that development proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones.
• The endoderm, the inner layer, will become the digestive system, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system.
• In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants exercise their inborn reflexes and gain some control over their bodies.
• The cephalocaudal principle dictates that development proceeds from the head to the lower part of the trunk.
• In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants can anticipate events.
• In the Sensorimotor Stage, infants develop first acquired adaptations and begin to coordinate sensory information and grasp objects.
• Jean Piaget’s Piagetian Approach includes the Sensorimotor Stage, the first stage in cognitive development, in which infants learn through senses and motor activity.
• The germinal stage is the first 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, blastocyst formation and implantation in the wall of the uterus.
• Implantation is the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6.
• The placenta allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo.
• The amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane that encases the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it room to move and grow.
• The mesoderm, the middle layer, will develop and differentiate into the inner layer of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems.
• The thyroid gland controls the overall rate of growth.
• The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by an increasingly sexualized society.
• If Dawn becomes sexually active, she will be at risk for pregnancy.
• Changes in secondary sex characteristics during puberty include the growth of breasts, the growth of the penis, the growth of the uterus, and the growth of the testes.
• The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by increased levels of demand and stress placed upon children and adolescents.
• Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible.
• Psychologists and psychiatrists have often viewed adolescence as a time when the healthy trajectory of development involves detachment from the parents.
• Dawn has just turned 13 years old, and she recently experienced menarche.
• The hypothalamus regulates sexual behavior.
• The irregularity of menstrual cycles after menarche means that it will be impossible to have intercourse during an ovulatory cycle.
• During puberty, the most important endocrine gland is the pituitary gland because it activates the release of hormones from other glands.
• The adrenal gland produces androgens, such as testosterone, which stimulate sexual interest.
• During adolescence, boys are more advanced than girls in the acquisition of fat tissue.
• Of the following therapies for anorexia nervosa, family counseling is likely a therapy included later in the client's recovery care plan.
• The pituitary gland activates the release of hormones from other glands.