Phy SCI PRELIMS

• Substances are composed of smaller particles.
• The relative spacing and motion of particles can be described in each of the three phases of matter.
• Physical and chemical properties are different types of properties of matter.
• Pure substances are different from mixtures in terms of their properties and their ability to be separated.
• Chromatography is used to separate components of mixtures which can be of solids or liquids, or mixtures of solids and liquids together, or to separate mixtures of gases.
• In simple distillation, it uses boiling to separate mixtures of liquid solutions and condensing the vapor.
• Properties of matter can be used to identify substances and separate them.
• Separation techniques for mixtures include filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.
• Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
• Mass is the measure of the amount of matter present in an object and its volume.
• Volume is the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter.
• Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume.
• Organic matter comes from living things and consists of organic compounds from remains of organisms such as plants and animals and their waste products.
• Inorganic matter contains no organically produced carbon which includes rocks, minerals, and metals.
• The state of matter refers to the shape, volume, structure, degree of expansion, and density of an object.
• Solid particles are tightly packed together, have a definite shape, and show slight expansion.
• Liquid particles are not that close together, have a indefinite shape, and show slight expansion.
• Gas particles are well separated from each other, have an indefinite shape, and show high expansion.
• Plasma, also known as the fourth state of matter, is formed whenever a gas is heated and contains electrically charged particles.
• Phase changes include deposition, sublimation, melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation.
• A pure substance consists of one element or compound and cannot be broken down by physical means.
• A mixture consists of two or more substances that are physically combined and can be separated by physical means.
• The atomic number, mass number, and isotopes are defined in NS 002: Physical Science for 11th Grade.
• Atoms, molecules, and ions are differentiated in NS 002: Physical Science for 11th Grade.
• The atomic number, which is the number of protons, determines an element’s atomic number (Z) and distinguishes one element from another.
• The mass number, also known as atomic mass or atomic weight, is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
• Carbon’s atomic number (Z) is 6, indicating that each carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 electrons.
• The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom can be determined by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number.
• When nonmetal atoms react to share electrons, they form an electrically neutral product called a molecule.
• An ion is any neutral atom or molecule that gained a net positive or negative charge.
• Cation is a neutral atom that loses one or more electrons, it gains a positive net charge.
• Anion is a neutral atom that gains or accepts one or more electrons, it gains a negatively net charge.
• Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms.
• Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that atoms are mostly empty space, with the positive charge concentrated in a nucleus.
• The plum-pudding theory of an atom was proposed by J.J Thomson.
• The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
• Atoms chemically combine in definite whole number ratios to form chemical compounds.
• The law of multiple proportion states that if two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers.
• All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass and and chemical properties.
• Dalton’s atomic theory, a scientific theory on the nature of matter put forward by the English physicist and chemist John Dalton in the year 1808, stated that all matter was made up of small, indivisible particles known as 'atoms'.