Memory

• The multi-store model was proposed by Atikinson and Shiffrin
• The MSM assumes there are three utinary memory stores: the sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory
• Memory


  The ability to retain and recall information
• Attention


  The process of concentrating on a particular stimulus
• Senses


  • Sight
  • Smell
  • Touch
  • Sound
  • Taste
• Information not processed by each store correctly

  Is forgotten
• Information not attended to is forgotten through decay
• Sensory memory


  Memory that holds incoming stimuli for a very brief period of time
• Short-term memory

  Memory that can hold a small amount of information for a limited period of time
• Rehearsal

  The process of repeating information in short-term memory to keep it active
• Long-term memory

  Memory that can store large amounts of information for long periods of time
• Information not rehearsed/passed to LTM is forgotten through decay or displacement
• Information can be forgotten through interference in long-term memory
• Multi-Store Memory Model
• The capacity of the sensory register is huge and can only be remembered for half a second
• In the sensory memory there is a ionic store (eyes) and an echoic store (sound)
• A strength of the MSM is that there is evidence that shows STM and LTM are DIFFERENT stores. Braddley found that words are coded acoustically into the STM & semantically into the LTM. This supports the view that two memory stores are separate and independent
• Support of the MSM comes from the case study of Clive wearing who developed severe amnesia following a virus. Clive’s STM was severely impaired (approx 7 seconds duration) and he could not transfer new memories from STM to LTM. He also had difficulty retrieving information from LTM. This supports LTM as it shows the stores are unitary, and that memory works in a linear fashion
• A weakness of the MSM is that it states there’s only ONE STM store. A case study of a patient known as KF who suffered amnesia after a motorbike accident demonstrated his short term memory which was impaired. This meant that he had poor verbal ability pertaining to his articulary processes in his phonological loop, however his visual ability was not impaired . This suggests that there must be at least one other STM store - One that processes visual information and another that processes auditory information.
• Another weakness of MSM is it has a very simple explanation of rehearsal. Craik & Watkins found that the type of rehearsal is important. Maintenance reversal (verbally repeating information to hold it in memory) is the type of information described in MSM, but this is not sufficient for transferring info into the LTM. Elaborative rehearsal (linking new information to pre-existing knowlage) is needed for long term storage. This is a major weakness because the model cannot explain these different ways of rehearsing.
• The multistore memory model was proposed by Shiffirin and Atkinson
• The multi store memory model was made by Atkinson and Shiffrin

  A) attention

  B) maintenance rehearsal/ rehearsal loop

  C) prolonged rehearsal

  D) Retrieval

  E) Sensory Memory

  F) Short Term Memory

  G) Long Term memory

  
• The sensory register has a very large capacity and can code any type of memory and the duration of that memory is held for milliseconds.
• Short-term memory remembers immediate events, the capacity is 7+/-2 events (miller), the coding is acoustic (Baddley), and can hold information up until 18 seconds (Peterson & Peterson)
• Episodic memory is personal memories of events, contextual details and an emotional tone. E.g: a wedding
• Semantic memories of facts and knowledge
• Procedural memory is memory of how to do things.