Psych

• Thinking


  The cognitive activity that operates on these different kinds of mental representations/knowledge that also occurs in different modes.
• Procedural Knowledge


  Knowledge that guides the fluent performance of motor actions.
• Concept Formation


  Considered as one of the most basic mental functions of living creatures.
• Concept


  A _____ is said to exist whenever we treat two or more objects or events equivalently by labeling them with the same name, or by performing the same action on them.
• Concepts


  Function as mental devices that

  link perceptual and non-perceptual information. They serve as entry points to our knowledge stores and permit us.
• Cognitive Economy


  Concepts promote _____ _____ by allowing us to perceive, talk about, act upon, and recall many different objects and situations as instances of the same concept about which we already know something.
• Proposition


  When concepts are linked by relations such as "is" or "has", the result is a _____ or a full-fledged thought.
• Classical and Prototype Views


  Theoretical Positions that represent Conceptual Knowledge (2)
• Classical View


  In this view, all instances of a concept are said to have common properties and these properties are necessary and sufficient to define the concept.
• Prototype View


  In this view, acknowledges that there are properties that instances of a concept have in common. This view of the structure of concepts was developed in reaction to the inadequacies of the classical view.
• Prototype


  The collection of properties that are characteristic of a concept is called its _____. It describes the "best examples" or the most representative instances of the concept.
• Categorization


  In the prototype view, _____ is the act of evaluating the similarity of an instance to a concept's prototype.
• Well-Defined Concepts and Fuzzy Concepts


  Types of Concepts (2)
• Well-Defined Concepts


  While prototype and core properties can co-exist in a concept, core properties play a major role in so-called _____ _____.
• Fuzzy Concepts


  A second type of concept falls under the category of _____ _____: they are lacking in true classical definitions.
• Hierarchy


  Concepts rarely exist in isolation; instead, our conceptual knowledge of a particular domain is often organized as a _____.
• Superordinate


  The main principle of the conceptual hierarchy is that a general or most inclusive category the _____ appears at the top of the hierarchy.
• Basic Level


  One level of the conceptual hierarchy is the _____ level or preferred level of categorization. These categories are said to be very conceptually coherent because they maximize the number of distinctive properties.
• Distinctive Properties


  Properties that are shared by most members of the category and are lacking in most members of a contrasting category.
• Images


  They preserve information about the visual properties of the objects they represent, such as the position or location of the object in space, its shape, color, or size.
• Analogical Representations


  Images are not literal pictures, an image produces a representation with certain functional properties that only mimic the properties of three-dimensional space. Thus, images appear to be _____ _____.
• Analogical Representations


  These are mental representations in which the correspondence between the represented object and the representation itself is as direct as possible.
• Mental Rotation


  One way to examine whether mental operations are analogous to operations performed on physical stimuli or not is to probe the mental counterpart of a physical operation such as rotating an object. This is what Shepard (1978) and his colleagues studied in their famous experiments on _____ _____.
• Scan


  It is by moving the focus of our mind's eye across an image that is assumed to have spatial properties. When we do it, the relative mental distances that we traverse in our mental images are analogous to the relative physical distances in the actual scene
• Zoom


  When an image is very small, experimental subjects report that they have to _____ in to "see" details. In general, more time is required to inspect objects when they are imaged at miniscule sizes than at larger sizes.
• Imagery


  It has long been known to be an aid to memory. It can also help us reason and solve problems. It can also be employed to help us learn new skills. It also is one of the most fertile sources of creativity.
• Domain Knowledge


  Tackling this pile of problems would first require you to have sufficient information (factual, conceptual, visual, or procedural) about the topic or domain to which each problem belongs. This is also called _____ _____.
• Spatial Metaphors


  It permeates much of our intuitive understanding of this ubiquitous mental act.
• Goal


  It is a metaphorical location in space that we want to reach.
• Problem Space Formulation


  This _____ ______ ______, which remains the dominant theoretical analysis of problem solving.
• Initial or Current State, Goal State, Operators, and Path Constraints


  Elements of Problem Space Formulation (4)
• Initial or Current State


  An element of problem space formulation where the problem solving process begins.
• Goal State


  An element of problem space formulation that the problem solver wants to achieve.
• Operators


  An element of problem space formulation where actions needed to change the initial state are turned into the goal state.
• Path Constraints


  An element of problem space formulation that impose additional conditions for a successful solution.
• Problem


  It is said to arise when the current state is not the desired state.
• Problem State


  It is defined as the set of all cognitive states that can potentially be reached by applying the operators (or procedures) for arriving at a solution.
• Well-Defined Problems and Ill-Defined Problems


  Types of Problems (2)
• Well-Defined Problem


  Type of problem where the goal state is clear and the operators needed to solve the problem, no matter how complex, are evident.
• Ill-Defined Problem


  Type of problem where the goal state itself cannot be clearly specified (part of the problem is knowing when the problem is solved), or the problem space is too vast, or the operators needed to move from initial state to goal state are not immediately evident. These problems are not impossible to solve.