Psych 101 (4)

    Cards (48)

    • Consciousness- “Is your awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior”
    • Different levels of consciousness
      1. waking consciousness- “clear, organized, and alert”
    • Different levels of consciousness
      • altered state of consciousness- “Shift in the pattern and quality of mental activity”
    • Two kinds of thought processes
      • Controlled Processes involves conscious attention
    • Two kinds of thought processes
      • Automatic Process involves lower level of attention
    • 2 sleep processes
      Process C “Circadian Process”- Depends on circadian
      rhythm or body clock
    • 2 sleep processes
      • Process S “Homeostatic Process”- Depends on physiological regulation of sleep need and driven by sleep pressure
    • sleep reduces adenosine
    • circadian rhythm- body’s endogenous clock that runs approximately 24 hours
    • Circadian Rhythm- regulates sleep-wake cycle, hunger, mood, and other physiological processes
    • Circadian Rhythm- Partly relies on amount of light to regulate sleep-wake cycle
    • Light as acts “zeitgeber” or time-giver
    • The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus- A set of paired nuclei in the
      poster part of the hypothalamus that regulate circadian rhythms
    • Photic information from SCN signals pituitary gland to release melatonin signal brain and body for sleep onset but is not responsible for sleepiness
    • adenosine - generates sleep pressure or the desire to sleep and accumulates in the basal forebrain and cerebral cortex during wakefulness and decreases during sleep
    • adenosine - amount in your brain increases the longer you are awake
    • caffeine attaches to adenosine receptors
    • It takes your body 5-7 hours to remove the 50% of caffeine concentration
    • N1 - transitional, 5% of sleep time, decrease in awareness but we have
      subjective sense of being awake; appearance of theta waves
    • N2 - presence of sleep spindles and K complexes (for memory
      consolidation)
    • N3 - slow-wave sleep (SWS), deepest stage, difficult to wake the person
      up, delta waves
    • Activated EEG that resembles activity in waking but...
      1. Muscle atonia
      2) Rapid eye movement
      Called paradoxical sleep
    • Adaptive Theory of Sleep - Sleep is a product of evolution that help us avoid predators who are active during nighttime
    • Restorative theory of sleep- Sleep restores and maintains physical health
    • NREM Stages (Sleep Spindles) - Enhances retention of short-term memory to long-term memory and helps in sifting through relevant memory
    • REM Sleep - Overnight Therapy Theory (Mental Health) and REM Brain Connects Distantly-related Concepts (Creativity)
    • NREM Sleep and Memory
      1. The more sleep spindles during N2, the better the learning retention
      2. Pulses of action potential between hippocampus and the cortex to transfer fact-based memories
    • Some Effects of Sleep Deprivation
      Mood reactivity
      1. amygdala
      2. prefrontal cortex
    • Some effects of sleep deprivation
      • Problems in memory & learning - Information won’t have lasting retention
    • Some effects of sleep deprivation
      • Raises the risk of Alzheimer (amyloid protein)
      • Glymphatic cells (glial cells) cleans up during NREM
      • NREM is reduced in Alzheimer’s
    • theories of dreaming
      • Dreams as wish fulfillment - manifest & latent content
    • theories of dreaming
      • Activation-Synthesis - other brain areas are activated by the pons; interprets those signals
    • theories of dreaming
      • Activation Information Mode - brain uses meaningful parts of person’s recent experiences to explain cortical activation
    • The Content of Dreams- It is not the declarative events but rather the emotional tone of the day that predicts dream content
    • Psychoactive Drugs - “Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory, or some combination of those abilities”
    • Physical Dependence - Body is unable to function without the drug
    • Signs of physical dependence
      • drug tolerance: with continued use, larger doses are needed to achieve the same effect
      • withdrawal: physical sensations experienced when deprived of drugs
    • Psychological Dependence - “Belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being”
    • Stimulants - Psychoactive drugs that speed up or increase activity
      in the central and/or peripheral nervous system
    • Stimulants
      • Amphetamines
      • Cocaine
      • Nicotine
      • Caffeine
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