psych

• Evolutionary approach focuses on how are humans alike because of the common biology and evolutionary history
• Sociocultural approach focuses on how environment, friends and family influence behaviour and thoughts
• In 1859 Darwin in his book "Origin of Species" explained natural selection (nature selects the best organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment)
• Control condition


  A standart in which other conditions can be compared
• Experiments


  Have dependent and independent variables, and are controlled. Wants to prove the cause
• Independent variable


  The variable that the researchers manipulate
• Dependent variable


  The variable that is affected by changes in the IV
• Confounding variable


  Any other variables than the IV that might affect the DV, but the researcher can't properly control it
• Operationalisation


  A process of precisely defining how a variable can be measured
• Correlational studies


  Connection/correlation of 2 events, correlation does not prove causation
• Perfectly positive correlation


  1 coefficient
• Strong positive correlation


  0.8 coefficient, positive correlation
• Weak positive correlation


  0.5 coefficient, positive correlation
• Weak negative correlation


  • 0.5 coefficient
• Basic Research


  Performed to learn about something. It is curiosity-driven and used to expand upon knowledge. It doesn't have an immediate objective
• Applied Research


  Answers specific questions and is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use
• Descriptive methods


  Describe behaviours, often by using case studies, surveys or naturalistic observations
• Correlational methods


  Associate different factors and different variables
• Experimental methods


  Manipulate variables in order to see the effect
• Random selection


  A way of selecting members of a population for your study's sample
• Random assignment


  A way of sorting the sample into control and experimental groups
• Survey research


  Answering a survey and forming an opinion based on the survey. You can't get a complete picture, but can't get deep data, people can lie, depending on how the question is formed
• Case studies


  Gather lots of deep data about a specific individual or a group. This method provides a full picture of what happened. Very rare individuals
• Longitudinal studies


  Follow one group, and gather data over a long time, slow results, the participants are more likely to drop out
• Naturalistic observation


  Researchers go to people's environments and observe them as they really are, however, there is a lack of control, as you do not know what you are observing it's called covert observation
• Cross-sectional studies


  Gather at one point in time, don't give a history of the full picture, and compare two or more groups
• Hawthorne effect


  You change the way you act when someone is observing you
• Demanding characteristics


  Becoming more helpful or trying to sabotage the research based on the clues picked up by the researcher
• American psychological association


  It addresses a number of ethical guidelines for the practice of psychology
• Institutional review board (IRB)


  Serves to review and approve research conducted on human participants at that university
• Introspection


  The examination of our own conscious thoughts and feelings
• Structuralism


  A school of thought that attempts to understand human consciousness by examining its underlying components( breaking down into components)-Wilhelm Wundt and Titcher
• Functionalism


  Approach that views mental life and behaviour in terms of active adaptation to environmental challenges and opportunities - William James
• Biological approach


  The mind is what the brain does. Scientific theory is based on what can be measured, counted, and observed. Although the theory is too simple
• Monism


  Is the belief that the mind and brain are the same things
• Dualism


  Is the view that the mind and body both exist as separate entities
• Gestalt psychology


  Is a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behaviour as a whole
• Nature-nurture debate


  Describes the question of how much a person's characteristics are formed by either nature or nurture. Nature - biological factors. Nurture- life experience
• Psychoanalytic theory/Psychodynamic


  Our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influence behaviour. - Freud
• Behaviourism


  Behaviorism is a theory of learning that states all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning.- Ivan Pavlov