Diseases of Body Systems

• Microbial diseases of the skin

  • Warts
  • Sporotrichosis
  • Smallpox
  • Ringworms
  • Folliculitis
  • Skin Acne
  • Scabies
• Microbial diseases of the eyes

  • Trachoma
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Acanthamoeba keratitis
  • Opthalmia neonatorum
• Microbial diseases of the nervous system

  • Tetanus
  • Leprosy
  • Rabies virus
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Cryptococcal meningitis
  • Amebic meningoencephalitis
  • African trypanosomiasis
  • Creuztfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Kuru
• Microbial diseases of the respiratory system

  • Pertussis
  • Influenza
  • Aspergilloma
• Pertussis treatment during first 1 to 2 weeks of illness, before severe coughing paroxysms


  Antibiotics: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin
• Influenza


  An acute viral infection that primarily targets the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and lungs
• Influenza symptoms


  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Headache
  • Runny nose
  • Sneezing
  • Metallic taste in mouth
  • Chills
  • Cough
  • Body or muscle pain
  • Sore Throat
• Influenza transmission


  • Transmitted primarily through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks
  • Touching a surface or object that has the flu virus on it and then touching your own
• Influenza contagiousness


  Most contagious in the first 3 days
• Influenza treatment


  • Antiviral drugs
  • Flu vaccine
• Antiviral medications for influenza

  oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir
• Aspergilloma


  A clump of mold that forms within a body cavity, such as a paranasal sinus, or an organ, typically the lungs
• Aspergilloma symptoms


  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Shortness of Breath
  • Unintentional Weight loss
  • Fatigue
• Aspergilloma origin


  It originates when fungal spores enter the lungs along with inhaled air
• Regular chest X-rays monitor the progression of aspergilloma
• Aspergilloma treatment


  • Antifungal Medications: Voriconazole (Vfend), Amphotericin B
  • Oral Corticosteroids
  • Surgery
• Infection prevention measures


  • Use of Masks and Respirators
  • Respiratory Hygiene and Cough Etiquette
  • Vaccination
  • Environmental Cleaning
  • Hand Hygiene
  • Air Handling Maintenance
• Salmonellosis


  A common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract
• Salmonellosis symptoms


  • Stomach Pains or Cramps
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea and vomiting
• Salmonellosis transmission


  • Seafood and shellfish
  • Amphibians
  • Mechanical vectors (flies)
  • Raw red meat
  • Seafood and poultry
  • Contaminated food and water
  • Person-to-person Contact
  • Animal Contact
  • Feces of Animals and the places they live
• Salmonellosis treatment


  • Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
  • Antibiotics
• Salmonellosis prevention


  • Food Safety Practices: Avoiding raw foods, Proper cooking, Good hygiene when preparing food
  • Safe Water Practices: Avoiding contaminated water, Ensuring that water is from a treated source
  • Animal Hygiene: Minimizing direct contact with animals that can carry salmonella, Wash hands after touching pets
  • Hand Hygiene: Washing hands with soap and water before and after handling, touching, or using something
• Viral gastroenteritis


  A disease that causes diarrhea and vomiting which is often referred to as the stomach flu. It is caused by a virus, which can infect the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
• Viral gastroenteritis symptoms


  • Abdominal pain
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
  • Muscle pain
  • Chills
  • Loss of appetite
  • Weight loss
• Viral gastroenteritis transmission


  • Eating or drinking contaminated foods or beverages
  • Touching contaminated surfaces and then touching an infected patient's mouth
• Viral gastroenteritis treatment


  • Over-the-Counter Medicines: Loperamide (Imodium)
  • Fluid Replacement: Drinking plenty of liquids such as water, sports drinks, and Oral rehydration solutions
  • Probiotics: Live microbes similar to the ones naturally present in the digestive tract
• Viral gastroenteritis prevention


  • Proper hygiene
  • Avoiding interaction
  • Eating clean and safe food
• Populations at higher risk for viral hepatitis

  • Individuals with a history of intravenous drug use
  • People who have received blood transfusions or organ transplants before widespread screening for hepatitis viruses
  • Those engaging in unprotected sexual activity with infected partners
  • Healthcare workers exposed to blood and bodily fluids
  • Individuals living in or traveling to regions with high rates of hepatitis infection
• Viral hepatitis symptoms


  • Jaundice
  • Fatigue
  • Abdominal pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Dark urine
  • Pale stools
• Viral hepatitis transmission


  • Hepatitis A: Fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food or water
  • Hepatitis B and C: Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, such as through sharing needles, sexual contact, or from mother to child during childbirth
  • Contaminated Food and Water: Particularly for hepatitis A virus
  • Blood and Bodily Fluids: Hepatitis B and C viruses can be transmitted through blood transfusions, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth
  • Unsafe Sexual Practices: Hepatitis B and, to a lesser extent, hepatitis C can be transmitted through sexual contact
• Viral hepatitis treatment


  • Hepatitis A: Supportive care to manage symptoms, as the infection typically resolves on its own without specific treatment
  • Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications and sometimes interferon therapy for chronic infections
  • Hepatitis C: Antiviral medications known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can cure the infection in most cases
• Viral hepatitis prevention


  • Vaccination: Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B, offering protection against these viruses
  • Safe Injection Practices: Avoiding sharing needles or other equipment for drug use or medical procedures
  • Practicing Safe Sex: Using condoms can reduce the risk of sexual transmission of hepatitis B and C
  • Screening and Testing: Identifying and treating infected individuals to prevent further transmission
  • Harm Reduction Programs: Providing access to clean needles, opioid substitution therapy, and education on safer drug use practices
  • Blood and Organ Donation Screening: Screening blood and organ donations for hepatitis viruses to prevent transmission through transfusions and transplants
• Giardiasis


  A diarrheal illness caused by the tiny parasite Giardia duodenalis, which is expelled in stool and lives in the intestines
• Giardiasis symptoms


  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Stomach cramps
  • Itchy skin
  • Dehydration
• Giardiasis transmission


  • Animals
  • Humans
  • Mechanical vectors
• Giardiasis treatment


  • Metronidazole
  • Tinidazole
• Giardiasis prevention


  • Clean water
  • Proper sanitation
  • Good food hygiene
• Helminthic diseases


  Infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths) like tapeworms, roundworms, and flukes
• Helminthic disease symptoms


  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Rectal problems
  • Blood and protein loss
  • Physical and cognitive growth retardation
• Helminthic disease transmission


  • Fecal-oral route
  • Active penetration of the skin by larvae from the soil
  • Vector arthropods