The 19th Century

• The 19th century marked the beginning of modern life and state formation worldwide. It was a time of political changes in Europe and Spain, affecting their colonies, including the Philippines. The decline of Spanish power led to the independence of various colonies.
• • Galleon Trade - A major trade route ended, shifting the economy.
  • Suez Canal - Shortened travel time, increasing trade and idea exchange.
  • Export Crop Economy - Shift to exporting crops like hemp and coffee.
  • Monopolies - Government-controlled opium and tobacco industries created wealth for some but hardship for many.