Blood

• What are the main components of blood?

  Blood consists of plasma, white blood cells, platelets, and red blood cells.
• What percentage of blood is plasma?

  55%
• What percentage of blood is made up of white blood cells and platelets?

  4%
• What percentage of blood is made up of red blood cells?

  41%
• What are the types of blood cells and their characteristics?

  • Erythrocytes (RBC): Round, flexible, bi-concave, no nucleus, red due to hemoglobin.
  • Leucocytes (WBC): Umbrella term for all white blood cells, includes B-Cells and T-Cells.
  • Platelets: Fragments of larger cells, disc-shaped until activated.
• Where are erythrocytes produced?

  Erythrocytes are made in the bone marrow.
• What are the two types of lymphocytes?

  1. B Cells and T-Cells.
• Where do B-Cells develop?

  1. Cells develop in the bone marrow.
• Where do T-Cells develop?

  1. Cells develop in the thymus gland.
• What is the function of B-Cells?


  1. Cells produce antibodies to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
• What is the function of T-Cells?


  1. Cells destroy the body's own cells that have been taken over by viruses or become cancerous.
• What is the primary function of neutrophils?

  Neutrophils protect the body against bacterial infection.
• What is the shape of a monocyte's nucleus?

  Monocytes have a kidney-shaped nucleus.
• What is the function of macrophages?

  Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, and remove dead cells.
• What role do platelets play in the body?

  Platelets help form blood clots by clumping together to slow or stop bleeding.
• What is the composition of plasma?

  Plasma is a clear-yellowish liquid that carries platelets, red and white blood cells, and proteins.
• What are the three types of blood vessels and their functions?

  1. Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart (usually oxygenated).
  2. Veins: Carry blood towards the heart (usually deoxygenated).
  3. Capillaries: Allow diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into body cells.
• What is the structure of arteries?

  Arteries have thick, muscular walls and a small lumen.
• What is the structure of veins?

  Veins have thinner walls and a large lumen, containing valves to prevent backflow of blood.
• What is the structure of capillaries?

  Capillaries are very thin (one cell thick) and have a very small lumen.
• What is the function of the endothelium in blood vessels?

  The endothelium provides a smooth lining for blood vessels to reduce friction.
• What is the role of valves in veins?


  Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood when at low pressure.
• What is the significance of the lumen in blood vessels?

  The lumen is the hollow opening inside the blood vessel that allows blood to flow through.
• How do arteries cope with high pressure blood flow?

  Arteries have thick muscular walls to withstand high pressure as blood leaves the heart.
• What is the function of collagen fibers in blood vessels?

  Collagen fibers provide strength and support to blood vessel walls.
• What is the role of elastic fibers in arteries?

  Elastic fibers allow arteries to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat.
• What is the function of fibrinogen in plasma?

  Fibrinogen helps with blood clotting.
• How does blood help with temperature regulation?

  Blood removes heat from tissues and circulates it around the body.
• Erythrocytes (RBC)


  Round, flexible, bi-concave, no nucleus, red due to hemoglobin.
• Leucocytes (WBC)


  Umbrella term for all white blood cells, includes B-Cells and T-Cells.
• B-Cells


  Produce antibodies to fight infections.
• T-Cells


  Directly attack infected cells or produce chemicals to help fight infections.
• Platelets


  Fragments of larger cells, disc-shaped until activated, play a crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing.
• Platelets structure

  No nucleus, disc shaped until activated, fragment of larger cells
• Neutrophils structure

  Small, multi lobed nucleus
• Neutrophils function

  heal damaged cells, resolve infections, Protect body against bacterial infection, highly mobile, attracted to areas of infection by chemicals from damaged cells
• Monocytes function

  When travelling in blood to TISSUE, macrophage is made.