19th Century Philippines

• Peninsulares


  Pure-bloodied Spaniard born in the Iberian Peninsula
• Insulares


  Pure-bloodied Spaniard born in the Philippines
• Mestizo


  Born of mixed parentage (Spanish mestizo and Chinese mestizo)
• Principalia


  Wealthy pure-bloodied native supposedly descended from the kadatoan class.
• Indio


  Pure-bloodied native of the Philippines
• Chino


  infiel Non-Catholic pure-bloodied Chinese
• Jose Rizal: 1861-1896
• Increased demand for raw materials due to the European Industrial Revolution - export-oriented.
• Political Changes

  • From Hapsburgs to Bourbons
  • Focus on boosting the financial success of colonies.
  • Jose de Basco y Vargas - the first governor general under Bourbon rule – who implemented significant reforms
• Royal Philippine Company


  established in 1785 aimed to finance agricultural projects and promote trade between the Philippines and Spain, as well as other Asian markets. Established to finance agricultural projects and manage trade
• Mexican War of Independence


  Marked the end of the Galleon Trade, leading to the opening of Manila to world trade
• Pacto de Retroventa


  A contract that stipulates that the land can be repurchased for the same amount as when it was first sold. It's also known as a buy-back agreement. 
• Reforms by Jose de Basco y vargas

  • Lifting of restrictions on Chinese traders
  • Establishment of cash crop farms
  • Relaxation of trade regulations
• Cash Crops

  • Tobacco
  • Abaca
  • Sugar
• Rise of Cash Crop Agriculture


  • Manila’s opening to world trade following the Mexican War of Independence and the decline of the Galleon Trade.
  • Increased involvement in the Philippine economy foreign merchants and traders.
  • Growth of haciendas and the emergence of the pacto de retroventa system.
• Role of Chinese Mestizos


  Chinese immigrants played a crucial role in the Philippine economy, particularly during the Galleon Trade. Although initially met with suspicion by the Spanish, the Chinese eventually became integrated into colonial society. Their contributions to agriculture, trade, and finance significantly impacted the country's economic development.
• Chinese goods were the primary commodities traded during the Galleon Trade.
• The Spanish were apprehensive about the inflow of Chinese. Policies:

  • Higher taxes
  • Parian – enclave: restricted movements of the Chinese
• Kasama


  Tenant farmer
• Social Change

  The influx of foreign ideas and influences also led to changes in Filipino culture. Western concepts of individualism, democracy, and nationalism began to take root, challenging traditional values and customs.
• Cultural Changes

  • Implementation of free primary education and professional schools.
  • Intensification of bureaucratization and streamlining of colonial governance.
• Education Decree (1863)


  Needed a more literate population – more professionalized workforce for trading activities. Schools for professionals - example: Ateneo Municipal
• Urbanization and Social Challenges

  • Overcrowding
  • Sanitation issues
  • Increased crime in Manila
• Impact of economic development Manila: Trading center

  • Internal migration: Difficulty in collecting taxes
  • Gov Gen Claveria: adoption of surnames (1849)
  • Cedula Personal
• Adoption of Surnames

  • Catologo de apellidos
  • Prohibited name changes at will
• Cedula Personal

  • Registration
  • Name and residence
  • To improve surveillance
  • Creation of the guardia civil