Blood

• blood - red fluid that si transported throughout hte body via the circulatory system.
• Two types of Blood

  1. arterial blood - which oxygen and nutrients are carried to the tissues
  2. venous blood - which carbon dioxide and metabolic by-products are carried to thelungs and kidneys for removal from the body.
• Plasma - clear, straw-colored liquid portion ofthe blood which si 90% water.
• Three Types of Human Blood Cell

  1. Erythrocytes(redblood cells)- carry O2, and CO2, and produced in the bone marrow.
  2. Leukocytes (white blood cells) - formed in the marrow and the lymphatic tissue. Neutralize pathogens. The two types are granulocytes and agranulocytes.
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets) - pieces of very large cells in the bone marow that help form blood clots.
• Blood type match -

  important especially during blood transfusion because the wrong type could agglutinate the red blood cells.
• ABO Blood Group System - classifying human blood by the presence of antigens Aand B based on the antigenic components found on the surface of the red blood cells.
• Cross-matching - necessary to determine the compatibility of the

  donor's blood with the recipient's blood because an individual who does not produce the D antigen will produce anti-D which could be fatal fi ti encounters the D antigen.
• RH Blood Group System

  Serum - fluid part of the purposes: serum blood that is left after cloting because it does not have fibrinogen.

  Plasma - has fibrinogen and could be collected using an anticoagulant tube.

  Whole blood - same as blood in the bloodstream and it should neither clot nor separate.
• Blood Disorder

  Anemia - caused by not having enough healthy red blood cels

  or hemoglobin

  Leukemia - cancer of the blood; the formation of abnormal tissues

  or cells in the bone marrow or the lymphatic system
• Blood Disorder

  Urinary tract infection - shown by high number of leukocytes

  Leukocytosis - increased number of white blood cels ni the blood due to illness or infection
• Blood Disorder

  Leukopenia - reduced number of white cells in the blood

  Polycythemia -the marow produces too many red blood cels resulting in the thickening of blood
• Blood Disorder

  Thrombocytosis - the body produces too many platelets (thrombocytes) whichaffect the blood clotting

  Thrombocytopenia - characterized by low platelet count
• Diagnostic Tests of Blood

  •ABO and RH type

  • Bone marrow examination

  • Complete blood count (CBC) •Cross-matching •Differential (diff) count •Eosinophil (Eos) count

  •Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

  • Ferritin

  • Hematocrit (Hct)

  • Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)

  • Hemogram

  • Indices (MCH, MCV, MCHC)

  • Iron (Fe)

  • Reticulocyte (retic) count

  • Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)