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Homeostasis
Endocrine system & blood glucose
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The pituitary gland is also known as the
master
gland
The thyroid gland produces the
thyroxine
hormone
The
adrenal
glands produce the adrenaline hormone
The pancreas produces the hormones
insulin
and
glucagon
The
testes
produce the hormone testosterone
The ovaries produce the hormones
oestrogen
and
progesterone
Function of the thyroid
Controls the
basal
metabolic
rate
Function of the adrenal glands
Controls
alertness
and
heart
rate. Provides a
fight
or
fight
response
Function of the
pancreas
Controls your blood glucose concentration
Produces enzymes that help digest food
Function of testes
Sperm
production
Function of the ovaries
Maintains the
uterus
lining
Hormone
Chemical
messenger
that acts on
target
organs
in the body
Gland
They secrete
hormones
The endocrine system’s response is
slower
and includes
hormones
Function of insulin
Restores the
blood
glucose
to its normal level
Glucose levels too high
Pancreas
releases
insulin
, after blood glucose levels have increased
Glucose
moves from blood to
body
cells
Excess glucose is stored as
glycogen
in the
liver
and
muscle
cells
Glucose levels too low
Glucagon
is released from the
pancreas
and released back into the blood
Glycogen
in liver and
muscles
is converted back to glucose
Ways water is lost from the body
Urine
Sweat
Faeces
Exhalation
via the
lungs
How are excess amino acids excreted from the body
Excess amino acids are taken to the
liver
Their amino groups are removed as
ammonia
by
deamination
Ammonia is
toxic
and is quickly converted to
urea
Urea is excreted from our bodies by our
kidneys
It is then stored in the
bladder
and excreted as
urine
What is type 1 diabetes
It‘s a disorder where the
pancreas
fails to produce enough
insulin.
As a result blood glucose levels are often very
high
What is type 2 diabetes
It’s a disorder where the persons
body
cells no longer
respond
to the
insulin
produced by the pancreas
How can type 1 diabetes be treated
Injections
before meals - allows glucose to be converted into
glycogen
Exercising
- lowers blood glucose levels due to increased
respiration
in the muscles
Limiting
carbohydrate
intake
How can type 2 diabetes be treated
Following a controlled
diet
Losing
weight
Use drugs which increase
insulin
production and effectiveness
Regular
exercise
ADH stands for
Anti diuretic hormone
How does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys when blood is dilute
More
water
in blood so blood is dilute
Less
ADH is released by the pituitary gland
Less
water is
reabsorbed
back into the blood by
kidney
tubules
More
water in urine, urine is
dilute
How does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys when blood is concentrated
Less
water in the blood, blood is concentrated
More
ADH
released by the pituitary gland
More
water
reabsorbed
by kidney tubules
Less
water in urine, urine is
concentrated
Two ways of treating kidney failure
Dialysis
Transplant
How often is haemodialysis done
Three
times a week at hospital and takes about
four
hours each time
Advantages of dialysis
Extends
life
No risk of
rejection
Disadvantages of dialysis
Regular
hospital
visits
- time consuming
Risk of
infection
and skin
irritation
Disadvantages of transplants
Needs to be replaced every ten
years
Need to take
immunosuppressant
drugs
Risk of
rejection
Difficult to find a
donor
Recovery from
surgery
will take a long time
What is thyroxine
A
hormone
released by the
thyroid
gland. Its release is triggered by
TSH
How is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback
Levels of blood thyroxine
falls
- detected by receptors in the
brain
Pituitary
gland releases more TSH
More
thyroxine
is produced and released by the
thyroid
gland
Blood
thyroxine level returns to
normal
Marathon runners often drink sports drinks to
Replace
water
/
ions
/
salt
that is lost in
sweat
The liver produces
urea
The skin helps to control
body temperature
What happens to the body cells if the kidneys produce very little urine
Cells
swell
or
damage
Immunosuppressant drugs are necessary to
prevent
rejection
Advantages of kidney transplant
Extends
life
No need for
regular hospital visits
Urea is
minimised
, so less chance of causing damage to body
cells
No repeatedly puncturing skin, so no chance of
infection
The kidney produces urine
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