Endocrine system & blood glucose

    Cards (43)

    • The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland
    • The thyroid gland produces the thyroxine hormone
    • The adrenal glands produce the adrenaline hormone
    • The pancreas produces the hormones insulin and glucagon
    • The testes produce the hormone testosterone
    • The ovaries produce the hormones oestrogen and progesterone
    • Function of the thyroid
      Controls the basal metabolic rate
    • Function of the adrenal glands
      Controls alertness and heart rate. Provides a fight or fight response
    • Function of the pancreas
      Controls your blood glucose concentration
      Produces enzymes that help digest food
    • Function of testes
      Sperm production
    • Function of the ovaries
      Maintains the uterus lining
    • Hormone
      Chemical messenger that acts on target organs in the body
    • Gland
      They secrete hormones
    • The endocrine system’s response is slower and includes hormones
    • Function of insulin
      Restores the blood glucose to its normal level
    • Glucose levels too high
      1. Pancreas releases insulin, after blood glucose levels have increased
      2. Glucose moves from blood to body cells
      3. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
    • Glucose levels too low
      1. Glucagon is released from the pancreas and released back into the blood
      2. Glycogen in liver and muscles is converted back to glucose
    • Ways water is lost from the body
      Urine
      Sweat
      Faeces
      Exhalation via the lungs
    • How are excess amino acids excreted from the body
      1. Excess amino acids are taken to the liver
      2. Their amino groups are removed as ammonia by deamination
      3. Ammonia is toxic and is quickly converted to urea
      4. Urea is excreted from our bodies by our kidneys
      5. It is then stored in the bladder and excreted as urine
    • What is type 1 diabetes
      It‘s a disorder where the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. As a result blood glucose levels are often very high
    • What is type 2 diabetes
      It’s a disorder where the persons body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas
    • How can type 1 diabetes be treated
      1. Injections before meals - allows glucose to be converted into glycogen
      2. Exercising - lowers blood glucose levels due to increased respiration in the muscles
      3. Limiting carbohydrate intake
    • How can type 2 diabetes be treated
      1. Following a controlled diet
      2. Losing weight
      3. Use drugs which increase insulin production and effectiveness
      4. Regular exercise
    • ADH stands for
      Anti diuretic hormone
    • How does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys when blood is dilute
      1. More water in blood so blood is dilute
      2. Less ADH is released by the pituitary gland
      3. Less water is reabsorbed back into the blood by kidney tubules
      4. More water in urine, urine is dilute
    • How does ADH affect the reabsorption of water in the kidneys when blood is concentrated
      1. Less water in the blood, blood is concentrated
      2. More ADH released by the pituitary gland
      3. More water reabsorbed by kidney tubules
      4. Less water in urine, urine is concentrated
    • Two ways of treating kidney failure
      Dialysis
      Transplant
    • How often is haemodialysis done
      Three times a week at hospital and takes about four hours each time
    • Advantages of dialysis
      Extends life
      No risk of rejection
    • Disadvantages of dialysis
      Regular hospital visits - time consuming
      Risk of infection and skin irritation
    • Disadvantages of transplants
      Needs to be replaced every ten years
      Need to take immunosuppressant drugs
      Risk of rejection
      Difficult to find a donor
      Recovery from surgery will take a long time
    • What is thyroxine
      A hormone released by the thyroid gland. Its release is triggered by TSH
    • How is the release of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback
      1. Levels of blood thyroxine falls - detected by receptors in the brain
      2. Pituitary gland releases more TSH
      3. More thyroxine is produced and released by the thyroid gland
      4. Blood thyroxine level returns to normal
    • Marathon runners often drink sports drinks to
      Replace water/ions/salt that is lost in sweat
    • The liver produces urea
    • The skin helps to control body temperature
    • What happens to the body cells if the kidneys produce very little urine
      Cells swell or damage
    • Immunosuppressant drugs are necessary to prevent rejection
    • Advantages of kidney transplant
      Extends life
      No need for regular hospital visits
      Urea is minimised, so less chance of causing damage to body cells
      No repeatedly puncturing skin, so no chance of infection
    • The kidney produces urine